Mobilizing Communities for Implementing Evidence-Based Youth Violence Prevention Programming: A Commentary

Evidence-based programs have struggled for acceptance in human service settings. Information gleaned from these experiences indicates that implementation is the missing link in the science to service chain. The science and practice of implementation is progressing and can inform approaches to full and effective uses of youth violence prevention programs nationally. Implementation Teams that know (a) innovations, (b) implementation best practices, and (c) improvement cycles are essential to mobilizing support for successful uses of evidence-based programs on a socially significant scale. The next wave of development in implementation science and practice is underway: establishing infrastructures for implementation to make implementation expertise available to communities nationally. Good science, implemented well in practice, can benefit all human services, including youth violence prevention.     

Identity configurations and well-being during normative cultural conflict: The roles of multiculturals’ conflict management strategies and academic stage

Multiculturals encounter normative cultural conflicts (intrapersonal conflicts between their cultures’ norms). Yet, no research has examined how these conflicts are managed, nor their antecedents and repercussions. This article examined how these conflicts are managed using two sets of conflict management strategies (active and agreeable) and tested whether they mediate the associations between identity configurations and well-being. Also, as the benefits of having integrated selves typically increase in later life stages, this article examined whether the associations between identity configurations and well-being differ between earlier (pre-university) and later academic stages (university). In Study 1 (N = 235), active strategies mediated the link between identity integration and well-being, whereas agreeable strategies mediated the link between compartmentalization and ill-being. In Study 2 (N = 241), these results were replicated. Study 2 further showed that the association between identity integration and well-being was stronger among university than pre-university students. Implications of these results are discussed.     

Timing of early warning stages in a multi stage collision warning system: Drivers’ evaluation depending on situational influences

By means of car2x communication technologies (car2x) driver warnings can be presented to drivers quite early. However, due to their early timing they could be misunderstood by drivers, distract or even disturb them. These problems arise if, at the moment of the warning, the safety–critical situation is not yet perceivable or critical. In order to examine, when drivers want to receive early warnings as a function of the situation criticality, a driving simulator study was conducted using the two early warning stages of a multi stage collision warning system (first stage: informing the driver; second stage: prewarning the driver). The optimum timing to activate these two early warning stages was derived by examining the drivers’ evaluation of these timings concerning their appropriateness and usefulness. As situational variation, drivers traveling at about 100 km/h were confronted with slow moving traffic either driving at 25 km/h or 50 km/h at the end of a rural road.In total, 24 participants were tested in a within-subjects design (12 female, 12 male; M = 26.6 years, SD = 7.2 years). For both stages, drivers preferred an earlier timing when approaching slow moving traffic traveling at 25 km/h (first stage: 447 m, second stage: 249 m ahead of the lead vehicle) compared to 50 km/h (first stage: 338 m, second stage: 186 m ahead of the lead vehicle). The drivers’ usefulness rating also varied with the timing, spanning a range of 8 s for driver-accepted timing variations and showed correspondence to the drivers’ appropriateness ratings. Based on these results and those of a previous study, a timing function for each of the two early warning stages depending on the speed difference between the safety–critical object and the host vehicle is presented. Indirectly, similar adaptations are already implemented in current collision warning systems, which use the time-to-collision to give drivers acute warnings in a later stage, when an immediate reaction of the driver may still prevent a collision. However, this study showed that drivers also favor this kind of adaptation for earlier warning stages (information and prewarning). Thus, adapting the timing according to the drivers’ preferences will contribute to a better acceptance of these collision warning systems.     

Re-enactments in their developmental context

The power of the repetition compulsion is felt in an especially keen way during re-enactments within psychodynamic psychotherapy. In this paper, the authors recommend greater attention to the developmental aspects of re-enactments as providing valuable information about the affective character of the crisis being brought to life in the treatment. Specifically, the authors suggest that the current developmental stage of the patient influences the experience and expression of the core developmental conflict that lies at the heart of the re-enactment in the treatment dyad. Re-enactments in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood, as well as at midlife and in the later years, each have different signatures. Thus, increased knowledge and awareness of both developmental stage and developmental core conflict is important for the following reasons: It provides a firmer theoretical foundation for understanding what is, by definition, a formidable moment in treatment; it adds another dimension and thus enhanced flexibility to the clinician’s clinical stance during a time of greater countertransference potential; and it adds to the theoretical perspective that the compulsion to repeat functions, at least in part, as an attempt to master an intrapsychic, affectively charged, previous experience of defeat. Clarifying the developmental nature of re-enactments for both patient and therapist can serve an orienting function during what is often a confusing and destabilizing time in the treatment relationship, and it can help differentiate developmentally appropriate behaviour from re-enacted conflict.     

弗洛伊德的得意门生——亚伯拉罕和费伦茨对精神分析发展的贡献

亚伯拉罕和费伦茨都是弗洛伊德的早期弟子,他们在精神分析早期理论以及治疗技术的创新和发展中都有着重要的贡献。亚伯拉罕重新划分了弗洛伊德的心理性欲发展阶段并探讨了前俄狄浦斯期的母子关系,这都深深影响了后来的客体关系学派;费伦茨发展了弗洛伊德的性诱惑理论并在治疗技术上做出了许多革新,这为精神分析后来的发展开辟出了更广阔的道路。     

早期检测血浆N-端脑利钠肽前体在高龄呼吸困难患者诊治策略中的应用价值

N-端脑利钠肽前体具有快捷、简易、安全可靠、耐受性好的特点,在呼吸困难的鉴别诊断上有其独特优势,已成为近年来临床开展的一项新技术。在高龄呼吸困难患者中具有光明的应用前景,本文就早期检测血浆N-端脑利钠肽前体在高龄呼吸困难患者诊治中的应用作一讨论。     

The mediating effects of time structure on the relationships between time management behaviour,job satisfaction,and psychological well‐being

This article examined the relationship between time structure and Macan's process model of time management. This study proposed that time structure—‘appraisal of effective time usage’—would be a more parsimonious mediator than perceived control over time in the relationship between time management behaviours and outcome variables, such as job satisfaction and psychological well‐being. Alternative structure models were compared using a sample of 111 university students. Model 1 tested Macan's process model of time management with perceived control over time as the mediator. Model 2 replaced perceived control over time by the construct of time structure. Model 3 examined the possibility of perceived control over time and time structure as being parallel mediators of the relationships between time management and outcomes. Results of this study showed that Model 1 and Model 2 fitted the data equally well. On the other hand, the mediated effects were small and partial in both models. This pattern of results calls for reassessment of the process model.     

问题发现过程认知阶段划分的探索性研究

采用建构认知模型法探索问题发现过程认知阶段的存在性及顺序性问题。基于已有研究,提出问题发现过程可划分为信息搜寻、现状表征、寻求目标、建立联系、提出问题、评价和修正问题等六个阶段的基本假设。用出声思维和秩次聚类分析的方法对高低能力组共40名大学生问题发现过程的阶段性进行考察,结果显示：六个阶段中有两对阶段出现位置非常接近,可将其进行整合,构成现状搜寻与表征、目标探索、提出问题、评价和修正问题等四个阶段。在不同问题领域与不同能力被试群体中,各认知阶段的顺序性没有差异。     

Work–family interface from a life and career stage perspective: The role of demands and resources

Work–family conflict and enrichment are experiences that occur daily and have substantial consequences for employees, their families, and the organizations that employ them. The aim of the current review is to make a link between life and career stage, work and family conditions, and the work–family interface. The basic proposition is that life stages partly determine career development, and consequently the specific working conditions (job demands and job resources) and family conditions (family demands and family resources) that individuals are exposed to. As a result, the specific demands and resources in the work and family domains determine to what extent individuals experience that work and family are conflicting or enriching life domains. In this review we suggest that individuals in early adulthood will experience high inter‐role conflict and low facilitation due to high demands and low resources in both life domains, while individuals in late adulthood will experience the opposite pattern; that is, low conflict and high facilitation due to low demands and high resources in both domains. Individuals in middle adulthood will experience high work–family conflict but also high family–work facilitation due to the presence of high job demands and resources in both life domains. Integrating life and career stage perspectives and the experience of work–family interface is of notable practical utility because it provides a mechanism to make more informed decisions about the relative need for and corresponding benefits of work–family programs.     

Snoddy (1926) Revisited: Time Scales of Motor Learning

A new 3-stage model based on neuroimaging evidence is proposed by Chein and Schneider (2012). Each stage is associated with different brain regions, and draws on cognitive abilities: the first stage on creativity, the second on selective attention, and the third on automatic processing. The purpose of the present study was to scrutinize the validity of this model for 1 popular learning paradigm, visuomotor adaptation. Participants completed tests for creativity, selective attention and automated processing before attending in a pointing task with adaptation to a 60° rotation of visual feedback. To examine the relationship between cognitive abilities and motor learning at different times of practice, associations between cognitive and adaptation scores were calculated repeatedly throughout adaptation. The authors found no benefit of high creativity for adaptive performance. High levels of selective attention were positively associated with early adaptation, but hardly with late adaptation and de-adaptation. High levels of automated execution were beneficial for late adaptation, but hardly for early and de-adaptation. From this we conclude that Chein and Schneider's first learning stage is difficult to confirm by research on visuomotor adaptation, and that the other 2 learning stages rather relate to workaround strategies than to actual adaptive recalibration.