言语次级干扰任务对客体与空间信息保持的影响

通过3个行为实验,以44名大学生或研究生为被试,考察了言语次级干扰任务是否对不同言语命名难度的客体与空间工作记忆信息的保持产生选择性干扰。研究发现:无论记忆对象是言语命名困难的客体信息,还是言语命名容易的客体信息,无论探测刺激是图形形式,还是词语形式,言语次级干扰任务都对客体信息的保持产生选择性干扰;但言语次级干扰任务对空间信息保持的影响,在不同条件下则表现出不同的特点。实验结果表明客体工作记忆自动、强制性地使用言语编码和保持机制,而空间工作记忆信息的保持是否由言语编码参与则受到其他因素的影响。     

转换功能对汉语口吃者语音编码的影响

采用双任务范式比较了16名口吃者和16名非口吃者在数字转换任务的同时重复双声词和叠韵词的时间和口吃频率,考察转换功能对于汉语口吃者语音编码的影响。结果表明,转换功能影响汉语口吃者的语音编码：口吃者和非口吃者加工叠韵词比加工双声词需要更多的转换功能。研究结果支持口吃的“内在修正假说”,对口吃的诊断和治疗有重要启示。     

记忆编码与提取的非对称关系

编码与提取是记忆的两个重要加工阶段, 虽然多数研究认为记忆的编码与提取过程是重叠的, 但也有一些研究结果证实了二者之间存在着差异性。这些研究主要从行为和神经成像两方面探讨编码与提取的非对称性关系, 并通过双加工模型及记忆两阶段神经生理学模型加以解释。综合以往研究, 编码与提取加工之间可能存在着多重复杂的关系。     

A preliminary investigation of reaction time variability in relation to social functioning in children evaluated for ADHD

Reaction time variability (RTV) is a ubiquitous phenomenon in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Few studies have examined RTV in relation to functional outcomes such as social impairment in children with ADHD. In this exploratory study, we investigated whether RTV is associated with social functioning in children at risk for ADHD. Specifically, we explored the association between RTV (tau derived from correct go trials of a Stop-Signal task) and social functioning in 198 children ages 7–12 years referred for an ADHD evaluation. Social functioning measures included child and/or parent ratings of social competence, aggression, social problems, and impairment in relationships. In regression analyses that also included Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms and sex, higher RTV was significantly associated with lower ratings of social competence, and higher proactive/reactive aggression ratings on the child self-report measures. RTV was not significantly associated with parent report of social functioning or relationship impairment. This study provides preliminary evidence that RTV may be associated with social functioning in children at risk for ADHD. We propose that lapses of attention affecting cognitive control may also negatively impact social information processing thereby affecting social functioning. Replication is warranted and longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether RTV predicts social dysfunction in ADHD.     

Self-initiated object-location memory in young and older adults

The present study explored self-initiated object-location memory in ecological contexts, as aspect of memory that is largely absent from the research literature. Young and older adults memorized objects-location associations they selected themselves or object-location associations provided to them, and elaborated on the strategy they used when selecting the locations themselves. Retrieval took place 30 min and 1 month after encoding. The results showed an age-related decline in self-initiated and provided object-location memory. Older adults benefited from self-initiation more than young adults when tested after 30 min, while the benefit was equal when tested after 1 month. Furthermore, elaboration enhanced memory only in older adults, and only after 30 min. Both age groups used deep encoding strategies on the majority of the trials, but their percentage was lower in older adults. Overall, the study demonstrated the processes involved in self-initiated object-location memory, which is an essential part of everyday functioning.     

编码如何预测提取?以相继记忆效应为证

在记忆领域, 编码与提取之间的关系始终备受关注。近37年(1980至今)的研究显示, 随后记住信息与随后遗忘信息在编码阶段关联的神经机制明显不同(该差异被称为相继记忆效应), 表明编码能够从神经机制角度预测提取。过去10年间(2008~2017), 研究者在顺承先前研究的基础上另辟蹊径, 重点从编码任务中加工水平及目标导向对相继记忆效应的影响、提取任务对相继记忆效应的影响、不同年龄群体之间的相继记忆效应异同、情绪项目和情绪背景对相继记忆效应的影响等角度展开研究。本文从上述四方面对相关研究进行了详细梳理, 并从整合研究成果、完善理论模型、挖掘潜在社会因素、探究个体差异和群体差异以及加强应用推广等方面对今后研究进行展望。     

Graded representations in the acquisition of English and German transitive constructions

English and German children aged 2 years 4 months and 4 years heard both novel and familiar verbs in sentences whose form was grammatical, but which mismatched the event they were watching (e.g., ‘The frog is pushing the lion’, when the lion was actually the ‘agent’ or ‘doer’ of the pushing). These verbs were then elicited in new sentences. All children mostly corrected the familiar verb (i.e., they used the agent as the grammatical subject), but there were cross-linguistic differences among the two-year-olds concerning the novel verb. When English 2-year-olds used the novel verb they mostly corrected. However, their most frequent response was to avoid using the novel verb altogether. German 2-year-olds corrected the novel verb significantly more often than their English counterparts, demonstrating more robust verb-general representations of agent- and patient-marking. These findings provide support for a ‘graded representations’ view of development, which proposes that grammatical representations may be simultaneously abstract but ‘weak’.     

情绪对项目记忆和来源记忆的影响

最近几十年以来, 情绪对记忆的影响越来越受到认知心理学家的关注。本文总结了我在中科院心理研究所师从傅小兰研究员攻读博士学位期间所开展的主要研究工作。我的研究以中文词语为学习材料, 分别考察了在编码过程中和编码结束后诱发情绪对项目记忆和来源记忆的影响。当情绪在编码阶段被诱发, 主要的研究发现如下：1)负性情绪增强自由回忆, 但正性情绪只呈现出增强自由回忆的趋势。2)负性情绪降低总体再认记忆, 但正性情绪对总体再认记忆没有影响。此外, 正性和负性情绪均不影响“记得”反应的正确率; 然而, 负性情绪降低了“知道”反应的正确率, 正性情绪对“知道”反应的正确率没有影响。3)正性和负性情绪均对来源记忆(即对词语字体颜色的记忆)没有影响。当情绪在编码结束后被诱发, 主要的研究发现如下：1)对女性被试而言, 负性情绪增强了项目记忆的巩固, 然而, 对男性被试而言, 正性和负性情绪均不影响项目记忆的巩固。2)无论对男性还是女性被试, 正性和负性情绪对来源记忆的巩固均没有影响。本研究的上述发现对建立情绪和记忆的关系具有理论意义, 对如何在教学情境中如何利用情绪诱发促进学生的记忆巩固也具有现实指导意义。     

D. Z. Phillips and reasonable belief

As an illustration of what Phillips called the “heterogeneity of sense,” this essay concentrates on differences in what is meant by a “reason for belief.” Sometimes saying that a belief is reasonable simply commends the belief’s unquestioned acceptance as a part of what we understand as a sensible outlook. Here the standard picture of justifying truth claims on evidential grounds breaks down; and it also breaks down in cases of fundamental moral and religious disagreement, where the basic beliefs that we hold affect our conception of what counts as a reliable ground of judgment. Phillips accepts the resultant variations in our conceptions of rational judgment as a part of logic, just as Wittgenstein did. All objective means of determining the truth or falsity of an assertion presume some underlying conceptual agreement about what counts as good judgment. This means that the possibility of objective justification is limited. But no pernicious relativism results from this view, for as Wittgenstein said, “After reason comes persuasion.” There is, moreover, a non-objective criterion of sorts in the moral and religious requirement that one be able to live with one’s commitments. In such cases, good judgment is still possible, but it differs markedly from the standard model of making rational inferences.     

4~7岁儿童绘画摹写的语义编码特点

以二维模型为主对儿童绘画编码特点及发展进程的探讨。研究对象为4—7岁儿童,按年龄分为4组,共163人。主要实验有二：一是选择同一实物的三维和二维两类模型让被试摹写;二是选择语义熟悉程度和语义多寡不同的二维模型让被试摹写。个别实验,实验顺序随机安排。研究结果表明：儿童对维度不同的模型绘画编码具有共同的特点,表现出三种编码形式：其一,将模型的各构件分离,各自独立编码;其二,依模型的典型特征编码;其三,按各模型真实形象编码。儿童对不同维度模型绘画编码发展的进程不同。对二维模型绘画编码水平和发展速度比三维模型提早1年。模型语义的多寡及熟悉程度影响儿童二维模型绘画编码。