Democracy in Education

The point of departure in this article is the Danish debate about democracyin schools. This article presents a first step in a study of how the relationshipbetween democracy and education can be understood. A juxtaposition of thetwo concepts requires, first of all, an analysis of how the concept of democracyis used in the educational debate. In this article three models of democracy areapplied as an analytical framework: a liberal model (Hobbes, Locke, Kant, Rawls,Dworkin), a communitarian model (MacIntyre, Sandel, Nussbaum) and a communicative/deliberativemodel (Walzer, Benhabib, Taylor, Habermas). Numerous contradictions and tensionsbetween concepts of democracy and education can be found in such a juxtaposition,depending on which conception of democracy one chooses to apply. In this articleI discuss which conception affords us the most meaningful concept of democraticteaching. As an introduction, a brief historical overview of the interplay betweendemocracy and education in Danish school is provided.     

DEVELOPING FLUENCY AND ENDURANCE IN A CHILD DIAGNOSED WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

We examined the effect of a teaching method on skill fluency and on‐task endurance of a 9‐year‐old boy who had been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. An academic task that occurred at low fluency during 10‐min baseline sessions was taught to fluency. When responding was not yet fluent, brief reversals to baseline showed that the learner's rate of responding decreased and that he did not spend entire sessions on task. However, once a fluency goal had been reached, responding remained fluent and he remained on task in the third reversal condition.     

ORGANON The Web Tutor for Basic Logic Courses

We would like to introduce the web tutor ORGANON, which aimsto support basic logic courses at the University of West Bohemiain Pilsen (Czech Republic). The application was designed tofulfill two requirements. Firstly, it should help students duringtheir study to practice exercises on their own (providing permanentcontrol during students’ practicing exercises as wellas answering students’ questions immediately as they arise).Secondly, it should reduce teachers’ burden (diminishingthe amount of consultations as well as administrating students’homework including correcting and grading). The tutor is availableat http://kfi.zcu.cz/lide/dostalova/organon.     

关于学习环模式的研究综述

学习环模式是一种有效的科学学习与教学模式。西方科学教育工作者对此做了大量研究,取得了丰硕成果。本文综述了学习环模式的理论基础、基本结构与发展。这一模式对于我国当前中小学科学课程设计和探究性学习的开展有一定的借鉴意义。     

中学教师教学风格和工作满意度的研究

本研究以上海市四所中学的153名教师为研究对象,进行了教师教学风格量表和工作满意度量表的施测。研究结果表明：（1）从总体上看,教师的教学风格以激进型、立法型、评判型和整体型四种教学风格为主,这四种教学风格是相对复杂、有创造性、效率较高的教学风格;（2）中学教师对同事关系的满意度最高,对自我实现和学校领导的满意度也较高,而对学生素质的满意度最低,其次为工资福利;（3）随着教龄的增长,教师对工作压力和工资福利的满意度逐渐下降;（4）对工作的满意度越高,教师越可能具有立法型、评判型、激进型和整体型四种教学风格,而教师对工作压力不满则倾向于采取消极、保守的教学风格。     

Reducing student stereotypy by improving teachers' implementation of discrete-trial teaching

Discrete-trial teaching is an instructional method commonly used to teach social and academic skills to children with an autism spectrum disorder. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the indirect effects of discrete-trial teaching on 3 students' stereotypy. Instructions, feedback, modeling, and rehearsal were used to improve 3 teaching aides' implementation of discrete-trial teaching in a private school for children with autism. Improvements in accurate teaching were accompanied by systematic decreases in students' levels of stereotypy.     

本科实习护生人文关怀能力及影响因素的质性研究

采用质性研究的方法,分析实习期拳科护生对人文关怀的理解、将其运用到临床实践的能力及影响关怀能力的因素。结果显示,本科护生对护理人文关怀的作用有比较明确的认知,但人文关怀能力不足,护理人文关怀行为主要来自模仿带教老师,其关怀能力主要受到自身素质、带教老师、科室管理、人文氛围等因素的影响。因此,医院应注意加强医护人员人文关怀教育,提高带教老师人文素养,树立角色榜样,改善临床人文环境,促进护生提升人文关怀能力,真正将人文关怀运用到临床护理实践中。     

Video Feedback in Philosophy

Marginal comments on student essays are a near‐universal method of providing feedback in philosophy. Widespread as the practice is, however, it has well‐known drawbacks. Commenting on students' work in the form of a video has the potential to improve the feedback experience for both instructors and students. The advantages of video feedback can be seen by examining it from both the professor's and the student's perspective. In discussing the professor's perspective, this article shares observations based on the author's experience delivering feedback through video. Turning to the student's view, it discusses qualitative feedback solicited from students that indicates a clear preference for video feedback over written marginalia. In particular, students describe video feedback as more informative, more personal, better at suggesting improvements on future assignments, enhancing the professor's ability to communicate through tone of voice and gesture, and easier to understand compared to written feedback.     

临床医学教学研究课题伦理审查常见问题分析

临床医学教学研究课题常见的伦理问题包括混淆常规教学与课题研究、混淆理论教学与临床教学、自行做出“豁免知情同意”判断、混淆临床试验与教学研究、忽视“间接受试者”选择的公正性等。分析其深层次原因,发现主要包括对风险的防范意识与“爱伤”观念未有机结合、在课题设计阶段并未考虑风险控制的问题、对伦理学原则特别是知情同意原则理解不深。因此,研究项目主持者应该增强风险意识、提高伦理修养、自觉树立保护受试者利益的意识、认真履行知情同意程序。

     

隐性知识视角下中医师承教育的困境与突破

隐性知识是难以用符号、编码和言语准确表达,但可被人类意识并感知的事实、信息与技能,它是中医区别于西医最显著的特征。中医隐性知识的意向性、分布性与实践性,决定了以观摩意会、具身实践、刻意练习为主的师承教育是获取中医精髓、积累诊疗经验最理想的形式。然而,在现代科学教育的冲击下,中医师承教育面临课程失衡、师资不足、平台阻隔、文化衰微、制度不全等困境,亟须增加实践课程分量、扩大师承导师征聘范围、重建多学派交流平台、增强中医文化自信、加大政策倾斜力度,从而落实中医隐性知识传承,深化人才培养质量。