焦虑水平与体育高考生竞技状态关系及其对策

通过对体育高考学生焦虑状况的调查与评定 ,探讨焦虑水平与体育高考生竞技状态的关系。采用Spielberger状态 -特质焦虑量表对 2 5 9名考生进行调查 ,其中男 2 0 5人 ,女 5 4人。结果表明 ,在体育高考的情境压力下 ,学生的焦虑水平普遍提高 ,女生明显高于男生 (p <0 .0 1) ,其状态焦虑得分既非常显著地高于常模 (p <0 .0 1) ,也高于相关研究报告中普通高考学生的平均得分。体育高考学生适宜的状态焦虑水平为男 38～ 5 0分 ,女 4 1～ 5 2分。作者对结果进行了讨论分析 ,认为这反映了体育高考情境的特殊性 ,也反映了个体间最佳焦虑水平的差异性。其结果为我们重视对体育高考学生这一特殊的应试群体进行心理技能训练提供了依据。     

Suboptimal choice and initial‐link requirement

Pigeons (n = 14) were trained in a concurrent‐chains suboptimal choice procedure that tested the effect of an increased ratio requirement in the initial links. Fixed‐ratio 1 and 25 conditions were manipulated within subjects in a counterbalanced order. In all conditions, distinct terminal‐link stimuli on a suboptimal alternative signaled either primary reinforcement (20% of the time) or extinction (80% of the time). On an optimal alternative, two distinct terminal‐link stimuli each signaled a 50% chance of primary reinforcement. Preference for the suboptimal alternative was significantly attenuated, and in some birds completely reversed, by the larger response requirement irrespective of condition order. This larger response requirement also generated a notable increase in between‐subject variability. A measure of cumulative choice responding is introduced to mitigate the problems associated with traditional session averages. Ordinal predictions of some current theories of suboptimal choice are also considered in light of the results.     

急诊死亡病例放弃治疗原因分析及临床实践

对本院急诊科2008年～2012年302例急诊死亡病例进行分析,通过比较分析放弃治疗死亡和非放弃治疗死亡2组患者的年龄、疾病分类、伴发病、费用类别等情况,探析放弃治疗原因及探讨在急诊临床工作中如何实施放弃治疗.本组放弃治疗的主要原因是患者为疾病无康复可能、终晚期的老人.在放弃治疗过程中医生要遵循一定的程序,反复评估病情,确定是否符合放弃治疗标准,并与家属充分沟通,尊重患者的各种权利,同时必须规范填写医疗文书.     

A reexamination of mental arithmetic models and data: A reply to Ashcraft

In a review of the chronometric literature, M. Ashcraft (1982, Developmental Review, 2, 213–236) concludes that adults store each basic arithmetic fact in a table-like retrieval network. In my commentary (1983, Developmental Review, 3, 225–230), I argued that procedural knowledge (stored rules, principles, or heuristics) might be a cognitively more economical basis for generating many number combinations. In this paper, I draw an analogy between this alternative model of number fact representation and how computers efficiently reconstruct arithmetic combinations, note that the research findings do not clearly support any one model of mental arithmetic, and attempt to address Ashcraft's (1983, Developmental Review, 3, 231–235) criticisms of my model.     

Social-cognitive development: Domain distinctions and coordinations

Recent research on social-cognitive development has identified three conceptual domains which form the basis of the child's structuring of the social world: the moral, societal, and psychological domains. Research on distinct conceptual domains has thus far focused on events and actions that are clear examples of content for the domains. The issue of domain coordinations has not been addressed. This paper examines coordinations between conceptual domains in children's social judgments through a discussion of the experiential origins of the domains and judgments about mixed, second-order, and ambiguously multifaceted events. The utility of the conceptual domain model for understanding social judgments and social development is discussed.