Pairwise agreement of gradient directions in interactive multicriterion optimization

Statistical tests involving mean directions have in the past been limited to two- and three-dimensional settings, perhaps owing to their primary applications to such fields as geology, meteorology and related earth sciences. In the study of interactive multicriterion optimization it becomes necessary to compare gradient directions obtained from decision makers by two or more methods. Typically these direction vectors are in a higher-dimensional space. This paper provides a general procedure based on Householder transformations which is potentially suitable for any finite dimension. An illustration and comparison of the method are provided.     

物体相似性对空间表征的影响：来自眼动的证据

以三维场景图片为实验材料,采用眼动追踪技术,通过两个实验考察了对称场景中物体相似性对空间表征的影响。结果表明：（1）无相似物体条件下,场景本身的内在结构对空间表征有重要影响,对称轴方向可以作为空间表征参照方向;（2）存在部分相似物体条件下,物体的相似性会影响空间表征参照方向的选择,并且相似物体方向也是空间表征的参照方向之一。     

Honoring the Past,Envisioning the Future: ABCT’s 50th Anniversary Presidential Address

The theme of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) 50^th Anniversary was to honor the past and envision the future. From the wisdom, foresight, and determination of the pioneers of our organization, and the continuous upholding of the scientific method over the last 50 years, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has become the most empirically supported psychological treatment for a wide array of mental health problems. Yet, we still have a long way to go. This address outlines a vision for the future of CBT, which involves greater collaborative science, with all minds working together on the same problem, and greater attention to the risk factors and critical processes that underlie psychopathology and explain treatment change. Such knowledge generation can inform the development of new, more efficient and more effective therapies that are tailored with more precision to the needs of each person. Latest technologies provide tools for a precision focus while at the same time increasing the reach of our treatments to the many for whom traditional therapies are unavailable. Our impact will be greatly enhanced by large samples with common methods and measures that inform a precision approach. We have come a long way since ABCT was founded in 1966, and we are poised to make even larger strides in our mission to enhance health and well-being by harnessing science, our major guiding principle.     

Counselling psychology in South Africa

The origin and development of counselling psychology in South Africa has been profoundly influenced by the country’s sociopolitical history and the impact of apartheid. As a result of this, counselling psychologists in the country face a number of challenges and opportunities for the future. In this paper we provide a portrait of counselling psychology in South Africa by describing the current character of the specialty and the context in which South African psychologists work. We critically discuss the challenges that the specialty faces to meet the country’s mental health care needs, contest the current Scope of Practice; affirm multiculturalism without essentialising or reifying race and ethnicity, and build an evidence base for community interventions in the country. We also consider how, in the future, counselling psychologists in South Africa may make a more meaningful contribution within public health and the country’s health care and education systems.     

推理方向与规则维度对儿童因果推理的影响

采用Frye和Zelazo等（1996）所设计的“二进二出”装置（斜面滚球装置）,设置了不同的推理方向、规则维度的因果推理任务,采用个别实验法,研究了60名3.5～4.5岁儿童因果推理能力的发展。结果发现：（1）儿童在不同方向的因果推理任务上成绩差异显著,因→果推理成绩要好于果→因推理;（2）不同维度下儿童的推理成绩有极显著的差异性,一维的因果推理更容易,三维合取规则的因果推理任务更难;（3）3.5～4岁左右是儿童因果推理能力发展的快速期。     

The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections

The seven articles in this issue, and the accompanying meta-analysis in Health Psychology Review [McEachan, R.R.C., Conner, M., Taylor, N., & Lawton, R.J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviors with the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5, 97–144], illustrate the wide application of the theory of planned behaviour [Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211] in the health domain. In this editorial, Ajzen reflects on some of the issues raised by the different authors. Among the topics addressed are the nature of intentions and the limits of predictive validity; rationality, affect and emotions; past behaviour and habit; the prototype/willingness model; and the role of such background factors as the big five personality traits and social comparison tendency.