Bohr as a Phenomenological Realist

There is confusion among scholars of Bohr as to whether he should be categorized as an instrumentalist (see Faye 1991) or a realist (see Folse 1985). I argue that Bohr is a realist, and that the confusion is due to the fact that he holds a very special view of realism, which did not coincide with the philosophers’ views. His approach was sometimes labelled instrumentalist and other times realist, because he was an instrumentalist on the theoretical level, but a realist on the level of models. Such a realist position is what I call phenomenological realism. In this paper, and by taking Bohr’s debate with Einstein as a paradigm, I try to prove that Bohr was such a realist.

功能性消化不良

功能性消化不良（FD）是临床上常见的症候群,其发病机制可能与胃及十二指肠的高敏感、胃肠运动障碍、幽门螺杆菌（H．pylori）感染、精神心理因素等有关。症状为反复发作的上腹部不适、疼痛、早饱、腹胀等。目前FD的诊断以罗马Ⅲ为标准,即无可以解释症状的器质性疾病的证据（包括内镜）,诊断前症状至少出现6个月,近3个月症状符合以下1点或1点以上：餐后饱胀不适、早饱、上腹痛、上腹烧灼感。治疗以去除诱因及对症治疗为主,包括避免劳累及精神紧张,应用抑酸药、促胃肠动力药、根除H．pylori、西甲硅油乳剂、抗抑郁及中药等。     

Mother, Melancholia, and Humor in Erik H. Erikson’s Earliest Writings

Erik H. Erikson wrote three articles when he was in his late-twenties and an up-and-coming member of the psychoanalytic community in Vienna. At the time he wrote these articles, he was in a training psychoanalysis with Anna Freud, teaching at the Heitzing School in Vienna, and learning the Montessori method of teaching. These articles focus on the loss of primary narcissism and the development of the superego (or punitive conscience) in early childhood, especially through the child’s conflict with maternal authority. They support the idea that melancholia, with its internalized rage against the mother, is the inevitable outcome of the loss of primary narcissism. I note, however, that the third of these articles makes a case for the restorative role of humor, especially when Freud’s view that humor is a function of the superego is taken into account.

甲流了解程度、疫苗安全感知、接种行为及其影响机制

采用问卷调查的方法, 对甲流了解程度、疫苗安全感知、接种行为及其影响机制进行了研究, 并运用结构方程对提出的模型进行了验证和调整。结果表明：(1)民众对甲流疫情基本情况、疫苗接种要求和传播途径等方面有较高的了解程度, 但对预防措施和疫苗信息了解较少。(2)交流卷入对了解程度不存在显著影响; 而新闻卷入对了解程度有显著正向影响, 并且新闻卷入对感知疫苗安全程度的正向影响受到了解程度的部分中介。(3)感知甲流疫苗越安全, 越倾向于选择接种疫苗。(4)人格对疫苗的风险认知存在显著影响, 个人随和性(Agreeableness)程度越高, 则感知疫苗的安全程度越高, 而年龄和性别对其均没有显著影响。     

Introduction

The papers in this section were given as a panel on Religious Naturalism at the American Academy of Religion in Denver in November 2001. The panelists included Jerome Stone, Gordon Kaufman, Ursula Goodenough, Charley Hardwick, and Donald Crosby. This introduction briefly describes the panelists, lists three questions the panelists were asked to consider, and names other current and past religious naturalists.     

The emotional experience of K

The author raises the question of the emotional experience of K in Bion's schema of affective links, L, H, and K, suggesting that it is the emotional experience of feeling curious. He explores the central role curiosity has in 'On arrogance' and 'Attacks on linking' and hypothesizes that in Learning from experience the more complex notion of K is introduced in its place. Thus, Bion's affective schema is taken to be a version of Freud's account of experience in terms of instinctual impulses recast in terms of emotional experience. Freud's primary developmental dichotomy, the tensions between the pleasure principle and the reality principle, can be seen as the dichotomy of tensions between the emotional experience of L/H and the emotional experience of K. This suggests that the potential tension between K and L/H is critical to what happens in the consulting room. Finally the author argues that containing as a developmental dynamic is an expression of a K-state-of-mind and thus the container is thus a container-in-K. It concludes that one important aspect of what Bion called -K is an attack on a K-state-of-mind by an intrusion of L/H which has the effect of contaminating and dominating the urge to know.     

Ruse's Darwin and Design: Does It Go Far Enough?

Michael Ruse's forthcoming book gives an enjoyable history of teleology in biology, philosophy, and theology. It argues that concepts of cause, final cause, purpose, teleology, function, design, adaptation, contrivance, progress, ends, and value have all been telescoped by most writers in those three disciplines but that these concepts (and especially the concept of design) are nonetheless valid, provided only that we recognize their metaphorical nature. I agree with this basic argument, and Ruse's critiques and historical summaries of these concepts are both useful and delightful. However, I also explore one major and three minor reservations. The minor reservations are that Ruse overdoes the allegation of telescoping, does not adequately explore ways to express teleology more accurately, and erroneously denies the existence of biology–based theologians who make the same point he is making. The major reservation is that, despite all the groundwork he lays, Ruse comes to a conclusion other than the one clearly suggested by his first fourteen chapters. If he followed the evolutionary story just a bit further, to include the evolution of the human brain, he would be in a position to articulate a theologically sophisticated understanding of teleology and avoid an ending that is uncharacteristically tame.     

幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎的时空特征研究

研究幽门螺杆菌导致胃黏膜病理损伤表现的多样性与年龄的关系。进行胃镜检查的患者,排除其它脏器疾病,测定尿素酶表达程度,观察黏膜损伤情况并取病理。结果是不同程度尿素酶表达的幽门螺杆菌感染性胃炎表现不同的病理特征;年龄、幽门螺杆菌感染时间及生活事件是相互作用的原因。幽门螺杆菌特征性慢性感染过程及其致病方式使胃黏膜的病理变化有了多样性,高尿素酶表达的幽门螺杆菌引起的增生性病灶乃至隆起性病变的机会随年龄增加及胃黏膜的病理变化而增长。     

审时度势 科学应对——谈新甲型H1N1流感的应对

面对新甲型H1N1的流行,我国在早期采取了严格的防控措施。而随着疫情的不断发展,将其防控策略进行了调整。这在各界引起了诸多的争论。由于流感为呼吸道传染病,完全切断传播途径非常困难。而且新甲型H1N1传播迅速、人群普遍易感、控制传染源困难等原因,无法完全避免新甲型H1N1流感的流行。因此现阶段应将防控目标定位在压峰缓疫,医疗的重点应放在危重患者的救治上,降低病死率,尽可能减少疾病流行对全社会各方面的影响。     

试论甲型H1N1流感防控中个体的道德责任

甲型H1N1的防控不仅是国家、政府、专门机构及专业人员的责任,同时也是每个社会成员应该承担的责任。个体责任缺失是甲型H1N1在我国流行的主要原因之一。导致个体道德责任缺失的原因主要包括：社会中主体的原子化对个体道德责任的排斥、非理性社会心理对个体道德责任的冲击和公共卫生防疫体制中薄弱环节对个体道德责任的影响。基于道德责任产生的基础不同,不同的个体应该承担不同的道德责任。