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431.
Bouville M 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(3):311-322
Plagiarism is a crime against academy. It deceives readers, hurts plagiarized authors, and gets the plagiarist undeserved benefits. However, even though these arguments do show that copying other people's intellectual contribution is wrong, they do not apply to the copying of words. Copying a few sentences that contain no original idea (e.g. in the introduction) is of marginal importance compared to stealing the ideas of others. The two must be clearly distinguished, and the 'plagiarism' label should not be used for deeds which are very different in nature and importance. 相似文献
432.
Coughlin SS 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(1):103-110
There has been increasing interest in developing practical, non-theoretical tools for analyzing ethical problems in public
health, biomedicine, and other scientific disciplines so that professionals can make and justify ethical decisions in their
own research or practice. Tools for ethical decisionmaking, together with case studies on ethics, are often used in graduate
education programs and in continuing professional education. Students can benefit from opportunities to further develop their
analytical skills, to recognize ethical issues, and to develop their moral sensitivity. One practical approach for illustrating
and facilitating ethical analysis uses cases with contrary facts and circumstances, an approach which complements rather than
replaces theoretical approaches to moral reasoning. Cases with contrary facts and circumstances are presented in two or more
alternative ways so that the facts, circumstances, or framing of one version runs counter to that of the other version (s).
Cases with contrary facts, together with practical steps for identifying and analyzing ethical issues, are likely to be useful
tools for illustrating and facilitating ethics analysis and stimulating the moral imagination.
The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. 相似文献
433.
On Enrolling More Female Students in Science and Engineering 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bouville M 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(2):279-290
Many people hold this truth to be self-evident that universities should enroll more female students in science and engineering; the main question then being how. Typical arguments include possible benefits to women, possible benefits to the economy, and the unfairness of the current female under-representation. However, when clearly stated and scrutinized these arguments in fact lead to the conclusion that there should be more women in scientific disciplines in higher education in the sense that we should expect more women (which various kinds of discrimination may prevent), not that we should actively enroll more women. Outreach programs towards high school students may therefore be logically incompatible with the arguments supposed to justify them. They should purport to allow women to graduate in a field congruent with her abilities and desires, rather than try to draw as many of them to scientific disciplines as possible: one cannot try to 'recruit' as many female students as possible while claiming to help them choose more freely. 相似文献
434.
Faith E. Fletcher Paul Ndebele Maureen C. Kelley 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(5):307-330
The debate over how to best guide HIV-infected mothers in resource-poor settings on infant feeding is more than two decades
old. Globally, breastfeeding is responsible for approximately 300,000 HIV infections per year, while at the same time, UNICEF
estimates that not breastfeeding (formula feeding with contaminated water) is responsible for 1.5 million child deaths per
year. The largest burden of these infections and deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using this region as an example of the
burden faced more generally in other resource-poor settings, we contrast the evolution of the clinical standard of care for
infant feeding with HIV-infected mothers in high-income countries to the current international clinical guidelines for HIV-infected
mothers and infant feeding in resource-poor settings. While the international guidelines of exclusive breastfeeding for a
6-month period seem to offer the least-worst strategy for reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV during infancy while
conferring some immunity through breastfeeding post-6 months, we argue that the impact of the policy on mothers and healthcare
workers on the ground is not well understood. The harm reduction approach on the level of health policy translates into a
complicated, painful moral dilemma for HIV-positive mothers and those offering them guidance on infant feeding. We argue that
the underlying socio-economic disparities that continue to fuel the need for a harm reduction policy on infant feeding and
the harm to women and children justify: (1) that higher priority be given to solving the infant feeding dilemma with improved
data on safe feeding alternatives, and (2) support of innovative, community-driven solutions that address the particular economic
and cultural challenges that continue to result in HIV-transmission to children within these communities.
相似文献
Maureen C. KelleyEmail: |
435.
Jeroen G. J. Hasselaar 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(6):387-396
This paper is concerned with the moral justification for palliative sedation until death. Palliative sedation involves the
intentional lowering of consciousness for the relief of untreatable symptoms. The paper focuses on the moral problems surrounding
the intentional lowering of consciousness until death itself, rather than possible adjacent life-shortening effects. Starting
from a Kantian perspective on virtue, it is shown that continuous deep sedation until death (CDS) does not conflict with the
perfect duty of moral self-preservation because CDS does not destroy capacities for agency. In addition, it is argued that
CDS can frustrate the imperfect duty of self-cultivation by reducing consciousness permanently. Nevertheless, there are cases
where CDS is morally acceptable, namely, cases where the agent has already permanently lost the possibility for free action
in advance of sedation—for example, due to excruciating and ongoing pain. Because the latter can be difficult to diagnose
properly, safeguards may be needed in order to prevent the application of CDS for the wrong reasons.
相似文献
Jeroen G. J. HasselaarEmail: |
436.
Daphna Erdinast-Vulcan 《Continental Philosophy Review》2008,41(1):43-58
The essay draws on a little-known fragment from M.M. Bakhtin’s Draft Exercise Notebooks of 1943 to highlight both the affinities
and the divergences of the respective philosophical projects of Bakhtin and Emmanuel Levinas. The first part of the discussion
follows their parallel itineraries through several points of convergence, from a sense of profound philosophical disenchantment
to a conception of the ethical subject as living on borderlines, facing the other, irremediably vulnerable and infinitely
responsible. The second part focuses on the “dialogic impasse” and its attempted resolution through gestures of triangulation,
evidenced in Levinas’s “third” and Bakhtin’s “superaddresee.” The third part of the discussion, beginning with Bakhtin’s and
Levinas’s different readings of Dostoevsky, focuses on the ultimate divergence of their philosophical positions, and suggests
that Bakhtin’s discursive conception of subjectivity may point the direction towards a more viable thinking of a post-metaphysical
ethics.
相似文献
Daphna Erdinast-VulcanEmail: |
437.
Martin Robra 《The Ecumenical review》2019,71(1-2):161-174
This article recalls the history of the relationships between the World Council of Churches (WCC) and Pentecostal churches from the early years of the WCC until today. One of the greatest challenges currently facing the WCC is the shift in focus of Christianity to the South and the East, a phenomenon to which emerging Pentecostal and charismatic churches and communities are contributing. Alongside global cultural trends in the context of globalization, Pentecostal and charismatic piety and spirituality are increasingly affecting the older churches as well. While some see this negatively, many see it as an expression of adaptation to new challenges necessary for the survival of these churches. The article shows how the changing ecclesial context led to the WCC to explore new avenues for building relationships such as a Joint Consultative Group and the Global Christian Forum. 相似文献
438.
Wickins J 《Science and engineering ethics》2007,13(1):45-54
Discussions about biotechnology tend to assume that it is something to do with genetics or manipulating biological processes in some way. However, the field of biometrics-the measurement of physical characteristics-is also biotechnology and is likely to affect the lives of more people more quickly than any other form. The possibility of social exclusion resulting from the use of biometrics data for such uses as identity cards has not yet been fully explored. Social exclusion is unethical, as it unfairly discriminates against individuals or classes of people. Social exclusion is unethical, as it unfairly discriminates against individuals or classes of people. This article looks at some of the ways in which social exclusion might arise from the use of biometric data, and introduces a model of balancing individual interests with which to analyse whether it is justified to run the risk of excluding some members of society for the benefit of others. 相似文献
439.
Andrew Moore 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2007,10(3):297-308
This paper argues that many leading ethical theories are incomplete, in that they fail to account for both right and wrong. It also argues that some leading ethical theories are inconsistent, in that they allow that an act can be
both right and wrong. The paper also considers responses on behalf of the target theories. 相似文献
440.
Richard Garner 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2007,10(5):499-513
Moral anti-realism comes in two forms – noncognitivism and the error theory. The noncognitivist says that when we make moral
judgments we aren’t even trying to state moral facts. The error theorist says that when we make moral judgments we are making
statements about what is objectively good, bad, right, or wrong but, since there are no moral facts, our moral judgments are
uniformly false. This development of moral anti-realism was first seriously defended by John Mackie. In this paper I explore
a dispute among moral error theorists about how to deal with false moral judgments. The advice of the moral abolitionist is
to stop making moral judgments, but the contrary advice of the moral fictionalist is to retain moral language and moral thinking.
After clarifying the choice that arises for the moral error theorist, I argue that moral abolitionism has much to recommend
it. I discuss Mackie’s defense of moral fictionalism as well as a recent version of the same position offered by Daniel Nolan,
Greg Restall, and Caroline West. Then I second some remarks Ian Hinckfuss made in his defense of moral abolitionism and his
criticism of “the moral society.” One of the worst things about moral fictionalism is that it undermines our epistemology
by promoting a culture of deception. To deal with this problem Richard Joyce offers a “non-assertive” version of moral fictionalism
as perhaps the last option for an error theorist who hopes to avoid moral abolitionism. I discuss some of the problems facing
that form of moral fictionalism, offer some further reasons for adopting moral abolitionism in our personal lives, and conclude
with reasons for thinking that abolishing morality may be an essential step in achieving the goals well-meaning moralists
and moral fictionalists have always cherished.
相似文献
Richard GarnerEmail: |