小学生数学示例学习的信息加工过程实验研究

该研究试图让小学生通过示例学习的方式学习小数乘小数知识。口语报告分析及后测表明,小学四年级学生已具备示例学习的能力。实验还通过口语报告的个案分析,揭示示例学习的信息加工过程,并探讨了经过改进的口语报告分析法的应用问题。     

The Need for an Ethics of Sustainable Knowledge Production

The modern research university is an unsustainable institution. It normalizes academic activity along the lines of a scientist engaged in normal science and seeks to measure the success or failure of academics based largely on the quantity of their contributions to a particular discipline, often measured in terms of papers published and conference presentations. The ensuing race to produce academic studies is creating unprecedented mountains of academic studies, but often in haphazard, unstructured, and unsustainable ways, especially in the humanities and the social sciences, which do not discover nomothetic laws or accumulate knowledge in a fashion similar to science. This not only undermines the quality of work being done and the character of academics doing this work but also results in the thoughtless, endless, largely unstructured mountains of new studies that no one can keep up with.     

Biological specializations for speech: what can the animals tell us?

Language research over the past 40 years converges on the speech-is-special hypothesis (SiS), according to which speech perception and production are uniquely human adaptations. SiS is grounded in a variety of biological, developmental, and behavioral evidence. In some comparative studies, speechlike stimuli have seemed to cause nonhuman animals to exhibit humanlike performance functions. Auditorists—who believe that spoken language processing is executed by, and is explicable in terms of, general auditory mechanisms—have seized upon such studies as evidence that SiS is incorrect. However, it is difficult to identify biological and functional similarities across different species on the basis of behavior alone, and the elaborate training regimen that nonhuman animals require to achieve human performance levels undermines the significance of certain comparative studies. Both comparative and human behavioral research, including brain-imaging studies of functional localization, electrophysiological recordings of the neural basis of the perception-production link, and developmental studies of a time-locked schedule of language learning, favor SiS over auditorism.     

关于小学儿童算术策略的理论及研究

关于儿童算术策略的研究一直是国内外心理学家关心的热点．围绕着儿童算术认知策略的发现、选择和运行机制,心理学家提出了表征翻译理论和竞争淡判理论．同时心理学家还提出了几种算术认知策略的理论模型。进行儿童算术认知策略研究的经典方法主要是精密时计法和口语报告法,采用的研究任务范式主要是产生式任务和验证式任务。题目结构类型、工作记忆广度和数位概念等因素影响儿童算术策略的使用。近几年,有关小学儿童算术认知策略的研究得到了长足发展。     

汉语言语产生的语音加工机制

通过采用词图干扰范式的图形命名技术,系统控制启动词与目标词之间的语音关系,探讨汉语言语产生中语音加工的机制。实验一发现,目标语音在韵尾变化条件下具有显著的语音启动效应,表明汉语语音音节是在言语产生过程中生成的;实验二在启动语音与目标语音仅共有声母的情况下,发现了与实验一相同的模式、结果支持实验一的结论,即汉语语音音节是在言语产生过程中生成的,语音的加工过程是一个构建的过程而不是简单的音节提取过程。     

英语语法规则获得与迁移的智力技能研究

选取451名高中生为被试,以强调句型语法为研究内容,采取教师教学、产生式规则和专家思维编制的实验材料,探讨了英语语法规则获得早、中期阶段促进规则获得的手段。在前面实验的基础上,选取298名高中生,以定语从句为研究内容,运用产生式规则、专家思维和练习编制的不同学习材料,采取随机区组设计,探讨了英语语法规则获得后期阶段的智力技能研究。通过研究得到如下结论：在语法规则获得的早中期阶段,产生式样例有助于学生智力技能的获得,同时也有助于所获得技能的迁移;在智力技能获得的后期阶段,专家样例有利于学生形成专家头脑中的图式,有助于学生实现有关智力技能的自动化。     

生生:儒家超越死亡焦虑的根本路径

“生生”思想是儒家超越死亡焦虑的根本路径,具体体现在以下六个方面:宇宙自然视域下的“原始反终”; 血脉和精神传承视域下的“父死子继”; 丧礼和祭礼视域下的“慎终追远”; 体生和不朽视域下的“存顺没宁”; 生死抉择视域下的“杀身成仁”; 知命和立命视域下的“顺受其正”。儒家以“生生”思想统摄生死,彰显了深沉的人文智慧。     

The role of working memory in syntactic sentence realization: A modeling & simulation approach

This paper examines the effects of working memory size in incremental grammatical encoding during language production. Our experiment tests different variants of a computational-cognitive model that combines an empirically validated framework of general cognition, ACT-R, with a linguistic theory, Combinatory Categorial Grammar. The model is induced from a corpus of spoken dialogue. This methodology facilitates comparison of different strategies and working memory capacities according to the similarity of the model’s produced sentences to the corpus sentences. The experiment presented shows that while having more working memory available improves performance, using less working memory during realization does as well, even after controlling sentence length. Sentences realized with a more incremental strategy also appear to more closely track the naturalistic data. As high incrementality is correlated with low working memory usage, this study offers a possible mechanism by which syntactic incrementality can be explained. Finally, this paper proposes a multi-disciplinary modeling and simulation-based approach to empirical psycholinguistic inquiry.     

In search of a learning model

While the four commentaries reflect a range of different perspectives on my target paper (Vihman, 2017), all basically accept the overall approach, which has been central to my research for 30 years. Each commentary proposes ways of deepening aspects of the ideas expressed or points out limitations and potential areas in which elaboration would be useful. This response takes up each commentary in turn.