肠易激综合征发病机制研究中的几个问题

肠易激综合征是一种肠道功能性疾病,是目前消化病领域的研究热点,近10年来肠易激综合征发病机制的研究没有突破性进展,本文从哲学基本原理的视角对肠易激综合征发病机制研究中的困惑进行思考与分析,希望给今后的肠易激综合征发病机制研究带来一些启示。     

老龄患者人工关节置换术时骨水泥反应综合征的危害及其应对策略

人工关节置换术在老龄化社会中的客观需求性愈来愈突出,而老龄患者在人工关节置换术时发生的骨水泥反应综合征是一个不容忽视的严峻问题。笔者指出了老龄患者人工关节置换术时骨水泥反应综合征的严重危害性,剖析了这种并发症的可能原因,并且对它的有效预防措施和急救处理策略进行了深刻的思考。     

Gilbert综合征——肝移植术后胆红素升高的罕见原因

Gilbert综合征是肝移植术后中、远期高胆红素血症一个罕见的病因。目前,在我国肝移植领域还缺乏对本病的清楚认识,当移植受者罹患本病时,往往得不到正确的诊治及合理的解释,造成患者心理及经济上的负担。本文详细阐述了本病的定义、发病机理、临床表现、诊断方法及预后,旨在提高广大业内人士对本病的认识。     

The PMS Illusion: Social Cognition Maintains Social Construction

This article reports the results of a preliminary study of ways that self-serving biases contribute to the maintenance of the cultural stereotype of the premenstrual woman. Self-serving biases such as illusory optimism and the false uniqueness effect lead individuals to believe that they are better than average and less likely to have negative experiences. Thus, even though individual women’s premenstrual symptoms are mild to moderate, they accept the stereotype because they believe that other women’s symptoms are worse than their own. Participants were 92 undergraduate women from two small colleges in southern New England. They completed measures of optimism, locus of control, and premenstrual symptoms and answered a series of questions about the incidence of PMS. Participants showed a significant tendency to believe that other women’s premenstrual symptoms are worse than their own. In addition, women who were high in optimism were significantly less likely to believe that they could be diagnosed with PMS, and they had significantly lower scores on the pain and behavior change subscales of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire than did those low in optimism.     

心脑血管疾病防治观的上游与下游

促发心脑血管疾病的多重危险因素属于关系链的上游,糖尿病和代谢综合征属于中游,而心绞痛、心肌梗死和脑卒中属于疾病的下游,干预下游是一种高成本高风险的模式,如将干预重点转移到上游则风险不大,成本低廉,有充分的选择余地。     

饮酒在睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患病率流行病学研究中的意义

了解饮酒对打鼾和睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(SAHS)患病率的影响,为该病的防治提供依据。按照随机整群抽样法,对承德市双桥区部分30岁以上居民进行入户调查,共调查1168人,对部分2级及2级以上打鼾者进行整夜睡眠呼吸监测。结果显示饮酒与打鼾的关系密切;饮酒可以使不同性别人群打鼾的患病率升高;不同种类饮酒者打鼾的患病率有不同的差异。饮酒是打鼾和SAHS的独立危险因素,要防范打鼾和SAHS戒酒或减少饮酒量是非常重要的。     

Auditory information is beneficial for adults with Down syndrome in a continuous bimanual task

Much recent research using discrete unimanual tasks has indicated that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have more difficulty performing verbal-motor tasks as compared to visual-motor tasks (see Perceptual-Motor Behavior in Down Syndrome, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 2000, p. 305 for a review). In continuous tasks, however, individuals with DS perform better when movement is guided by auditory information compared to visual information (Downs Syndr.: Res. Prac. 4 (1996) 25; J. Sport Exercise Psy. 22 (2000) S90). The aim of the present study was to investigate if there are any differences for adults with DS between visual, auditory and verbal guidance in a continuous bimanual task. Ten adults with DS, 10 adults without DS and 10 typically developing children drew lines bimanually towards the body (down) and away from the body (up) following three different guidance conditions: visual (flashing line), auditory (high tone, low tone), and verbal (“up”, “down”). All participants produced mostly in-phase movements and were close to the 1000 ms target time for all guidance conditions. The adults with DS, however, displayed greater variability in their movement time, movement amplitude and bimanual coordination than adults without DS. For all groups, the left hand was slower and more variable in producing the lateral movements than the right hand. The results regarding guidance information suggest that auditory information is beneficial for repetitive bimanual tasks for adults with DS. Possible mechanisms that cause these results will be discussed.     

Evaluating Attributions for an Illness Based Upon the Name: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Myalgic Encephalopathy and Florence Nightingale Disease

In recent years, considerable discussion has occurred about stigma surrounding the name given to an illness currently known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Although patients and medical personnel have expressed varying opinions on this issue, no studies have evaluated how beliefs about the illness change based upon the type of name used for diagnostic purposes. Proposals have been put forth to rename the illness with an eponym (a famous patient's or researcher's name) or with a less trivial sounding, more medically based type of name. In this study, attributions about CFS were measured in three groups of medical trainees. All groups read the same case study of a person with classic symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome, with the only difference being in the type of name given. Trainees then were asked to provide attributions about certain aspects of the illness, including its cause, severity, and prognosis. Results suggested that, across name conditions, most trainees appeared to consider the symptom complex of CFS a serious illness resulting in poor quality of life. In addition, findings indicated that the name, chronic fatigue syndrome, may be regarded less seriously than the Myalgic Encephalopathy name with respect to some important aspects of the illness. In this study, specialty of medical trainee also played a role in how the illness was perceived.     

Nature of the working memory deficit in fragile-X syndrome

Working memory performance in a group of young Fragile X males with FMR-1 full mutation was compared to a learning disabled comparison group comprising Down's syndrome males and two control groups of mainstream schoolchildren. Performance was assessed on a battery of tasks tapping the three components of working memory-phonological loop, visual-spatial sketch pad, and the central executive. The results indicated that the Fragile X group displayed a general impairment on working memory tasks that cannot be attributed to a single working memory component per se. Instead, the results suggest that Fragile X males have a working memory deficit that may be attributed to how much attentional resource a specific task requires and their overall available executive capacity, irrespective of the working memory subsystem.