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141.
Procedural norms are instrumental norms addressed to agents playing a role in the normative system, for example to motivate these role playing agents to recognize violations or to apply sanctions. Procedural norms have first been discussed in law, where they address legal practitioners such as legislators, lawyers and policemen, but they are discussed now too in normative multiagent systems to motivate software agents. Procedural norms aim to achieve the social order specified using regulative norms like obligations and permissions, and constitutive norms like counts-as obligations. In this paper we formalize procedural, regulative and constitutive norms using input/output logic enriched with an agent ontology and an abstraction hierarchy. We show how our formalization explains Castelfranchi's notion of mutual empowerment, stating that not only the agents playing a role in a normative system are empowered by the normative system, but the normative system itself is also empowered by the agents playing a role in it. In our terminology, the agents are not only institutionally empowered, but they are also delegated normative goals from the system. Together, institutional empowerment and normative goal delegation constitute a mechanism which we call delegation of power, where agents acting on behalf of the normative system become in charge of recognizing which institutional facts follow from brute facts. 相似文献
142.
文章在扩展博弈上,给出了多值逻辑的语义赋值博弈的一般框架,避免了博弈者在多值逻辑的语义博弈中声明无穷对象的问题;然后通过Eloise赢的策略定义博弈的语义概念——赋值,证明了多值逻辑的博弈语义与Tarski语义是等价的;最后,根据语义赋值博弈框架对经典逻辑进行了博弈化。 相似文献
143.
We develop a functional abstraction principle for the type-free algorithmic logic introduced in our earlier work. Our approach
is based on the standard combinators but is supplemented by the novel use of evaluation trees. Then we show that the abstraction
principle leads to a Curry fixed point, a statement C that asserts C ⇒ A where A is any given statement. When A is false, such a C yields a paradoxical situation. As discussed in our earlier work, this situation leaves one no choice but to restrict the
use of a certain class of implicational rules including modus ponens. 相似文献
144.
Logics with the Qualitative Probability Operator 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ognjanovic Zoran; Perovic Aleksandar; Raskovic Miodrag 《Logic Journal of the IGPL》2008,16(2):105-120
The paper presents several strongly complete axiomatizationsof qualitative probability within the framework of probabilisticlogic. We show that in the proposed semantics qualitative probabilitiesare characterized by probability functions, so they also arecomparative probabilities. 相似文献
145.
浅谈医学科研思维的逻辑性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
医学科研思维过程中最重要的就是医学假说的提出、验证,推理和遵守逻辑思维的过程。它以抽象的概念、判断、推理为思维形式,通过分析、综合、比较、分类等多种逻辑思维方法进行操作,以达到它的最终目的。逻辑思维能力对于医学科研工作者是至关重要的,医学科研工作者应该不断加强逻辑修养,不断提升科研思维水准。 相似文献
146.
Non-human animals and human children can make use of the geometric shape of an environment for spatial reorientation and in
some circumstances reliance on purely geometric information (metric properties of surfaces and sense) can overcome the use
of local featural cues. Little is known as to whether the use of geometric information is in some way reliant on past experience
or, as would likely be argued by advocates of the notion of a geometric module, it is innate. We tested the navigational abilities
of newborn domestic chicks reared in either rectangular or circular cages. Chicks were trained in a rectangular-shaped enclosure
with panels placed at the corners to provide salient featural cues. Rectangular-reared and circular-reared chicks proved equally
able to learn the task. When tested after removal of the featural cues, both rectangular- and circular-reared chicks showed
evidence that they had spontaneously encoded geometric information. Moreover, when trained in a rectangular-shaped enclosure
without any featural cues, chicks reared in rectangular-, circular-, or c-shaped cages proved to be equally able to learn
and perform the task using geometric information. These results suggest that effective use of geometric information for spatial
reorientation does not require experience in environments with right angles and metrically distinct surfaces, thus supporting
the hypothesis of a predisposed geometric module in the animal brain. 相似文献
147.
We give a complete characterization of Priest's Finite Inconsistent Arithmetics observing that his original putative characterization included arithmetics which cannot in fact be realized. 相似文献
148.
A paradox of self-reference in beliefs in games is identified, which yields a game-theoretic impossibility theorem akin to Russell’s Paradox. An informal version of the paradox is that the following configuration of beliefs is impossible:Ann believes that Bob assumes thatAnn believes that Bob’s assumption is wrongThis is formalized to show that any belief model of a certain kind must have a ‘hole.’ An interpretation of the result is that if the analyst’s tools are available to the players in a game, then there are statements that the players can think about but cannot assume. Connections are made to some questions in the foundations of game theory.Special Issue Ways of Worlds II. On Possible Worlds and Related Notions Edited by Vincent F. Hendricks and Stig Andur Pedersen 相似文献
149.
Dale Jacquette 《Studia Logica》2006,82(3):337-343
If we agree with Michael Jubien that propositions do not exist, while accepting the existence of abstract sets in a realist
mathematical ontology, then the combined effect of these ontological commitments has surprising implications for the metaphysics
of modal logic, the ontology of logically possible worlds, and the controversy over modal realism versus actualism. Logically
possible worlds as maximally consistent proposition sets exist if sets generally exist, but are equivalently expressed as
maximally consistent conjunctions of the same propositions in corresponding sets. A conjunction of propositions, even if infinite
in extent, is nevertheless itself a proposition. If sets and hence proposition sets exist but propositions do not exist, then
whether or not modal realism is true depends on which of two apparently equivalent methods of identifying, representing, or
characterizing logically possible worlds we choose to adopt. I consider a number of reactions to the problem, concluding that
the best solution may be to reject the conventional model set theoretical concept of logically possible worlds as maximally
consistent proposition sets, and distinguishing between the actual world alone as maximally consistent and interpreting all
nonactual merely logically possible worlds as submaximal.
I am grateful to the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIAS), Royal Netherlands
Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), for supporting this among related research projects in philosophical logic and philosophy
of mathematics during my Resident Research Fellowship in 2005-2006. 相似文献
150.
MV-Algebras and Quantum Computation 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
We introduce a generalization of MV algebras motivated by the investigations into the structure of quantum logical gates.
After laying down the foundations of the structure theory for such quasi-MV algebras, we show that every quasi-MV algebra is embeddable into the direct product of an MV algebra and a “flat” quasi-MV
algebra, and prove a completeness result w.r.t. a standard quasi-MV algebra over the complex numbers.
Presented by Heinrich Wansing 相似文献