中国成人推理月份时间的加工模型

以两个实验对中国成年人推理月份时间的加工模型进行了探索。在实验一中未发现词表模型的距隔效应和方向效应。实验二的结果表明有越界效应,被试解决月份时间顺序作业与解决数字顺序任务在操作特征上有很大的相似性。本研究的结果表明,数字模型能较好地解释中国成年人推理月份时间的认知加工,而Friedman 提出的表象一词表模型则难以作出合理的解释。     

An evaluation of the effects of supplemental “fluency” training during maintenance

The voice onset time (VOT) of two groups of treated stutterers and a normal-speaking group was assessed by spectrographic analysis. Both groups of stutterers had significantly slower VOT than the normal speakers. The experimental group of stutterers was given 8 wk of “fluency” training designed to remediate characteristics of speech identified as related to “tenuous” fluency. The control group of stutterers received ongoing maintenance therapy. Posttreatment VOT was assessed. The experimental stuttering group had significantly decreased their VOT in the direction of the normal-speaking group, whereas the control group of stutterers had a greater VOT between pre- and posttreatment. The implication of these results for the maintenance of fluency are discussed.     

A correlational study of stutterers' adaptation and voice initiation times

The purpose of this study was to determine the strength of the relationship, if any, between stutterers' amount of improvement in controlling phonation (voice initiation time) and their amount of improvement in stuttering during adaptation.Thirteen adult stutterers were required to participate in an adaptation task and a voice initiation time (VIT) task. The major finding was a weak, positive correlation between subjects' adaptation and their VIT difference scores. The correlation obtained, though weak, was interpreted to be informative; namely that while there is quite probably a laryngeal component in stuttering, it does not stand alone. It seems likely that the complexities of stuttering will not be fully understood until experiments include a number of potential or known dimensions of the disorder.     

The interplay of community and family risk and protective factors on adjustment in young adult immigrants

We examined the direct and interactive effects of community violence and both family cohesion and conflict on collective efficacy and aggressive behaviours among immigrant young adults. Participants included 221 young adults (ages 18–26; mean age = 21.36; 45.7% female, 190 born outside the U.S.) who completed self-report measures of their exposure to neighbourhood violence, social cohesion, collective efficacy and prosocial behaviours toward friends and strangers. Results, in general, showed that community violence and family cohesion were positively associated with collective efficacy whereas community violence and family conflict were positively associated with aggressive behaviours. Family cohesion and conflict also moderated the links between community violence and aggressive behaviours. Discussion focuses on the interplay of community and family processes and the relations to adjustment of immigrant young adults.     

Do not drop your gloves: “Winning” a fight in the National Hockey League does not improve chances to win the game

Sanctioned fighting has played an integral role in the National Hockey League (NHL) since its early days. Proponents argue that this practice helps teams win games. More specifically, they contend that when a player triumphs decisively in a fight, the outcome creates momentum or a spark for his teammates and thus increases his team’s odds of victory. We used on-line fans’ voting (validated by objective fight data) to assess fight outcome and demonstrated that “winning” the fight did not lead to winning the game when the score was tied. Additionally, in contrast with the “change in momentum” hypothesis, prevailing in a fight did not sway game outcome when the home or away team was one goal behind early enough in the game. Lastly, prevailing in a fight was not associated with scoring the next goal. We discuss the results in light of the strong conviction held by NHL players that fighting boosts momentum and explain possible mechanisms working to preserve this false belief.     

Assembling human empathy towards care robots: The human labor of robot sociality

This paper conceptualizes human to robot empathy as empathetic arrangements configured in caring spaces. Analyzing empathy towards care robots as arrangements comprising robots, spaces, discourses, bodies and institutions enables recognition of the way empathy is about self-other relationships while eschewing an understanding of empathy in terms of a reciprocal relationship between human and robot. Situating the therapeutic, zoomorphic robot, Paro and the health care support robot, Care-O-Bot as part of empathetic arrangements draws attention to how the cultivation of empathy towards robots governs and regulates patient sociality. In particular, it shows that these robots do not function as substitutes for human carers but instead are dependent on human labor if they are to deliver therapy ethically and effectively. They rely on the affective labor of the patient and the labor of carers and others in the arrangement.     

Exploring the interactions between modal options,destination access,and travel mood

A good understanding of subjectively experienced well-being in daily travel is critical for the design and evaluation of transportation policies and programs. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between how we travel and how we feel during travel. However, people’s travel mood is not only determined by their trip characteristics but also their potential mobility—the capacity of being mobile. Using the data collected via a smartphone application in Minneapolis-St. Paul area, we measure potential mobility in two aspects—modal options and destination access and reveal that people in households with better access to cars and alternative transportation modes are, all else equal, more likely to report more positive moods and fewer negative moods during travel. In addition, people living in neighborhoods with greater access to destinations are less likely to feel stress when traveling. We also find that associations between mode and mood are moderated by modal options and destination access. These findings confirm the importance of explicitly considering modal options and destination access in policy debates and planning initiatives addressing transportation and well-being. In doing so, they demonstrate the relevance of Sen’s Capabilities Approach to transportation planning.     

Doddering but dear … even in the eyes of young children? Age stereotyping and prejudice in childhood and adolescence

This study aims to explore age prejudice, and to examine age stereotyping in children and adolescents by adopting the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) as a theoretical framework. It was hypothesised that children are socialised into adopting an ambivalent representation of old age (socialisation hypothesis) and that this cognitive bias becomes weaker in adolescence due to greater cognitive maturity (developmental hypothesis). By analysing representative data from Portugal (European Social Survey; N = 2367), it was ascertained that the ambivalent age stereotype (higher evaluations of warmth than competence for older people) is indeed a shared social representation of older people in Portuguese society. A total of 103 Portuguese children (6–10 year olds) and adolescents (11–15 year olds) were then sampled from a local school and responded to age‐appropriate measures assessing age prejudice as well as age stereotypes. Contrary to previous studies, the findings do not provide evidence for the existence of age prejudice because both children and adolescents reported positive feelings towards older people. However, the socialisation hypothesis was corroborated by showing that the ambivalent old age stereotype was already present in childhood. Contrary to the stipulated developmental hypothesis, the magnitude of this cognitive bias was very similar in adolescence.