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211.
Recent research suggests that personality traits are associated with delinquency. T-tests were run to identify which traits and facets of the Five-Factor Model of Personality contributed to differentiate persistent juvenile delinquents (n = 48) from normative peers (n = 48). Results showed that two traits, namely Agreeableness and Neuroticism, and 12 facets differed significantly between the groups. Observed effect sizes varied from medium to large. 相似文献
212.
Aggressive players who intentionally cause injury to their opponents are common in many sports, particularly collision sports such as Rugby Union. Although some acts of aggression fall within the rules (sanctioned), others do not (unsanctioned), with the latter tending to be less acceptable than the former. This study attempts to identify characteristics of players who are more likely to employ unsanctioned methods in order to injure an opponent. Male Rugby Union players completed questionnaires assessing aggressiveness, anger, past aggression, professionalization, and athletic identity. Players were assigned to one of two groups based on self‐reported past unsanctioned aggression. Results indicated that demographic variables (e.g., age, playing position, or level of play) were not predictive of group membership. Measures of aggressiveness and professionalization were significant predictors; high scores on both indicated a greater probability of reporting the use of unsanctioned aggressive force for the sole purpose of causing injury or pain. In addition, players who had been taught how to execute aggressive illegal plays without detection were also more likely to report using excessive force to injure an opponent. Results provide further support that highly professionalized players may be more likely to use methods outside the constitutive rules of Rugby Union in order to intentionally injure their opponents. Results are discussed within the context of the increasing win‐at‐all‐cost attitude that is becoming more prevalent in sport and its implications for youth athletes. Aggr. Behav. 35:237–243, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
213.
Mark G. Ehrhart Karen Holcombe Ehrhart Scott C. Roesch Beth G. Chung-Herrera Kristy Nadler Kelsey Bradshaw 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):900-905
Recent efforts have aimed to develop relatively short measures of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality, particularly for when time and/or space is limited. We evaluate the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), a non-proprietary FFM measure with two items per dimension. We use a latent variable methodology to examine the TIPI’s factor structure and convergent validity with the 50-item International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) FFM measure. We provide correlations between the scale scores and latent factors, and compare each measure’s pattern of correlations with measures of other individual difference constructs. Results were favorable in terms of the factor structure and convergent validity of the TIPI, particularly regarding the correlations between the respective latent factors of the TIPI and the IPIP–FFM measures. 相似文献
214.
People often face preferential decisions under risk. To further our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying these preferential choices, two prominent cognitive models, decision field theory (DFT; Busemeyer & Townsend, 1993 ) and the proportional difference model (PD; González-Vallejo, 2002 ), were rigorously tested against each other. In two consecutive experiments, the participants repeatedly had to choose between monetary gambles. The first experiment provided the reference to estimate the models' free parameters. From these estimations, new gamble pairs were generated for the second experiment such that the two models made maximally divergent predictions. In the first experiment, both models explained the data equally well. However, in the second generalization experiment, the participants' choices were much closer to the predictions of DFT. The results indicate that the stochastic process assumed by DFT, in which evidence in favor of or against each option accumulates over time, described people's choice behavior better than the trade-offs between proportional differences assumed by PD. 相似文献
215.
Sibling conflict can rise to the level of a clinical problem. In Phase 1 a lengthy behavioral role-play analog sampling child
reactions to normal sibling conflicts was successfully shortened. In Phase 2 normal children who lacked sibling conflict resolution
skills were randomly assigned to a Training or Measurement Only condition. Training consisted of five clinic sessions focusing
on verbal reasoning, assertiveness, and acceptance skills. Trained children outperformed Measurement Only children on the
shortened role-play test. Parents of trained children, but not untrained children, perceived improved social competence in
the home. The project provides an empirical foundation for future research with aggressive siblings. 相似文献
216.
Natural born killers: The genetic origins of extreme violence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The current article examines the influence of genetics and evolution on acts of extreme and criminal violence among human primates. Moderate aggression can function to increase an organism's reproductive success; extreme violence can place the organism at unnecessary risk. Genetic polymorphisms that have been linked to extreme acts of violence are reviewed as is research elucidating how genetic risk and environmental stress may interact to increase risk of extreme violence. Extreme violence is viewed as high-end variance in an evolutionarily adaptive process in which the propensity for aggression and violent behavior, in moderate doses, has been adaptive for individual humans. 相似文献
217.
Stl Bjrkly 《Aggression and violent behavior》2009,14(5):306-312
The main purpose of this article is to delineate findings from a review of the literature on the empirical basis for the existence of a relationship between Asperger's syndrome (AS) and violence risk. A second aim is to examine whether certain characteristics of the disorder may have a higher violence-triggering potential. Results of this review show that there are very few empirical studies that confirm a stable link between AS and violence. Only 11 studies involving 22 patients and 29 violent incidents met the criteria for inclusion in the review after the search of the literature. However, a qualitative analysis of the studies yielded some indications of possible patterns of dynamics of violence that may prove to be typical of persons with AS. A tentative comparison of AS and psychopathy indicated that there may be qualitative differences in the characteristics of violent behavior between the disorders. Suggestions for further research are presented. 相似文献
218.
We discuss how individualistic/collectivistic orientations of employees predict affective well-being at work, and how this
relationship is moderated by the perceptions of spirit of camaraderie in organizations. The sample comprises 161 employees
of 109 organizations operating in Portugal, a collectivistic culture. The findings suggest that: (a) collectivistic individuals
show higher affective well-being than individualists; (b) this relationship is moderated by the employees’ perceptions of
the spirit of camaraderie in their organizations; (c) higher affective well being levels tend to be experienced by collectivists
who find working in an organizational context to be rich in spirit of camaraderie, and lower levels of affective well being
are expressed by individualists who perceive poor spirit of camaraderie in their working environments. The paper emphasizes
that employee happiness can have different bases in different cultures and that individualism/collectivism orientations do
not operate in the same way in different cultural and organizational contexts.
We are very grateful to the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions. 相似文献
219.
220.