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181.
While significant heritability for childhood aggression has been claimed, it is not known whether there are differential genetic
and environmental contributions to proactive and reactive forms of aggression in children. This study quantifies genetic and
environmental contributions to these two forms of aggression in an ethnically diverse urban sample of 9–10 year old twins
(N = 1219), and compares results across different informants (child self-report, mother, and teacher ratings) using the Reactive–Proactive
Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of RPQ items indicated a significant and strong fit for a two-factor
proactive–reactive model which was significantly superior to a one-factor model and which replicated across gender as well
as the three informant sources. Males scored significantly higher than females on both self-report reactive and proactive
aggression, findings that replicated on mother and teacher versions of the RPQ. Asian–Americans scored lower than most ethnic
groups on reactive aggression yet were equivalent to Caucasians on proactive aggression. African–Americans scored higher than
other ethnic groups on all measures of aggression except caregiver reports. Heritable influences were found for both forms
of aggression across informants, but while boys’ self-reports revealed genetic influences on proactive (50%) and reactive
(38%) aggression, shared and non-shared environmental influences almost entirely accounted for girls’ self-report reactive
and proactive aggression. Although genetic correlations between reactive and proactive aggression were significant across
informants, there was evidence that the genetic correlation was less than unity in boys self reported aggression, indicating
that genetic factors differ for proactive and reactive aggression. These findings provide the first evidence for varying genetic
and environmental etiologies for reactive and proactive aggression across gender, and provide additional support for distinction
between these two forms of aggression. 相似文献
182.
Types of Aggression,Responsiveness to Provocation,and Callous-unemotional Traits in Detained Adolescents 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The present study investigated differences in the behavioral and psychophysiological responses to provocation and in the level of callous-unemotional traits in boys exhibiting different patterns of aggression. Eighty-five boys (ages 13-18) in a juvenile detention center played a competitive computer task against a hypothetical peer who provided low and high levels of provocation. Youth high on both self-reported reactive and proactive aggression showed different behavioral responses to provocation than youth high on only reactive aggression. Specifically, the combined group showed high levels of aggressive responses without any provocation, whereas the group high on reactive aggression showed an increase in aggressive responding to low provocation. Further, results revealed a trend for the combined group to show lower levels of skin conductance reactivity to low provocation if they were also high on callous-unemotional traits. 相似文献
183.
Lowell Gaertner Jonathan Iuzzini Erin M. OMara 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):958-970
Two experiments examined the hypothesis that social rejection and perceived groupness function together to produce multiple-victim incidents of aggression. When a rejecter’s group membership is salient during an act of rejection, the rejectee ostensibly associates the rejecter’s group with rejection and retaliates against the group. Both experiments manipulated whether an aggregate of three persons appeared as separate individuals or members of an entity-like group and whether one of those persons rejected the participant. Consistent with the hypothesis, participants who experienced both rejection and perceived groupness behaved more aggressively against the aggregate (Experiment 1) and evidenced less favorable affective associations toward the aggregate (Experiment 2) than did participants who did not experience both rejection and perceived groupness. 相似文献
184.
Brian P. Meier Benjamin M. Wilkowski 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(5):1383-1387
Research has shown that those individuals high in agreeableness recruit helpful thoughts in hostile contexts, presumably in the service of controlling aggressive behavior. The present experiment follows from such work, but importantly does so in a manner seeking to support causal conclusions. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental training condition, in which hostile prime words were followed by helpful target words, or to a control condition that did not involve such pairings. Those assigned to the experimental condition subsequently exhibited lower levels of aggression in a laboratory task. Additional considerations and findings support the potential involvement of self-regulation processes. In general terms, the experiment reveals that a brief cognitive manipulation targeting processes thought to underlie aggression control was in fact causally effective in reducing subsequent levels of aggressive behavior. 相似文献
185.
Karen E. Dill Brian P. Brown Michael A. Collins 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(5):1402-1408
The violent video game literature has previously not extended to the domain of violence against women. The current investigation tested the effects of exposure to sex-typed video game characters versus images of professional men and women on judgments and attitudes supporting aggression against women. Results showed experimental effects of short-term exposure to stereotypical media content on sexual harassment judgments but not on rape myth acceptance. A significant interaction indicated that men exposed to stereotypical content made judgments that were more tolerant of a real-life instance of sexual harassment compared to controls. Long-term exposure to video game violence was correlated with greater tolerance of sexual harassment and greater rape myth acceptance. This data contributes to our understanding of mass media’s role in socialization that supports violence against women. 相似文献
186.
Karen L. Kuchan 《Journal of religion and health》2008,47(2):276-275
This article underscores the potential benefit of a specific form of Christian prayer that creates space within a spiritual
direction relationship for the creation of inner images that reveal a person’s unconscious relational longings and co-created
representations of God. In this specific type of prayer that can be facilitated by mental health professionals and pastoral
counselors, imagery of God’s presence is created in the space between a Christian spiritual director and a Christian directee
while they are open to inner experiences that reveal God’s presence interacting with infantile processes toward aliveness.
Aliveness is understood using Winnicottian notions in dialog with theories proposed by Allan N. Schore, affective neuropsychologist
and Clinical Faculty at UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Ann Belford Ulanov, Jungian Analyst and Professor of Psychiatry
and Religion at Union Theological Seminary and W.R.D., British psychoanalyst in the Objects Relations School. Ideas of transitional
space, good enough mother, holding environment, aggression, creativity, and play are set alongside theories of affect regulation,
the developing brain, co-created objective God images, the relational nature of God and being received as good while illuminating
three prayer experiences during one 30-year-old Asian American woman’s 16-month therapeutic process toward aliveness.
相似文献
Karen L. KuchanEmail: |
187.
A primary criterion on which models of cognition are evaluated is their ability to fit empirical data. To understand the reason why a model yields a good or poor fit, it is necessary to determine the data-fitting potential (i.e., flexibility) of the model. In the first part of this article, methods for comparing models and studying their flexibility are reviewed, with a focus on parameter space partitioning (PSP), a general-purpose method for analyzing and comparing all classes of cognitive models. PSP is then demonstrated in the second part of the article in which two connectionist models of speech perception (TRACE and ARTphone) are compared to learn how design differences affect model flexibility. 相似文献
188.
Two constructs—need for cognition (NFC) and affective orientation (AO)—might be helpful in explaining and ultimately predicting
two measures of sales performance: a self-rated behavioral measure and an objective sales measure. Specifically, we hypothesize
(1) a positive relationship between NFC and sales performance; (2) a positive relationship between AO and sales performance;
and (3) a positive interaction effect between NFC and AO on sales performance. The results of this study revealed both NFC
and AO correlated with self-rated behavioral performance but only NFC correlated with both performance measures; suggesting
that need for cognition may be the more influential of the two for sales organizations concerned with selling behaviors as
well as sales outcomes. The hypothesized interaction effect was not supported. 相似文献
189.
John Martin Fischer 《The Journal of Ethics》2008,12(2):167-189
I seek to reply to the thoughtful and challenging papers by Helen Steward, Saul Smilansky, and John Perry. Steward argues
that agency itself requires access to alternative possibilities; I attempt to motivate my denial of this view. I believe that
her view here is no more plausible than the view (which she rejects) that it is unfair to hold someone morally responsible,
unless he has genuine access to alternative possibilities. Smilansky contends that compatibilism is morally shallow, and that
we can see this from the “ultimate perspective.” In reply, I explore the nature of “zooming” arguments, and I contend that
even from a somewhat more detached perspective, important features that distinguish us from mere animals can be discerned
(even in a causally deterministic universe). Finally, I seek to address Perry’s defense of classical compatibilism. My main
objection to his form of compatbilism is that agents must be construed as having a certain kind of “baggage”—even on his own
account.
相似文献
John Martin FischerEmail: |
190.
This study assessed the importance of teacher preference of individual students, relative to peer rejection and student aggression, as an independent predictor of children's emotional adjustment and grades. First, a longitudinal, cross-lagged path analysis was conducted to determine the patterns of influence among teacher preference, peer rejection, and student aggression. Then, parallel growth analyses were examined to test whether lower initial and declining teacher preference, beyond the influence of initial level and change in peer rejection and student aggression, predicted change in loneliness, depression, social anxiety, and grades. Social adjustment, emotional adjustment, and academic adjustment were assessed in the fall and spring of two consecutive school years with 1193 third-grade students via peer-, teacher-, and self-report instruments as well as school records. In the cross-lagged path analysis, reciprocal influence over time between teacher preference and peer rejection was found, and student aggression predicted lower teacher preference and higher peer rejection. In the growth analyses, initial and declining teacher preference were independent predictors of increasing loneliness and declining grades. Discussion focuses on the relevance of the results within a transactional model of school adaptation. 相似文献