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741.
Stefanatos GA 《Neuropsychology review》2008,18(4):305-319
A significant proportion of children diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder experience a developmental regression characterized
by a loss of previously-acquired skills. This may involve a loss of speech or social responsitivity, but often entails both.
This paper critically reviews the phenomena of regression in autistic spectrum disorders, highlighting the characteristics
of regression, age of onset, temporal course, and long-term outcome. Important considerations for diagnosis are discussed
and multiple etiological factors currently hypothesized to underlie the phenomenon are reviewed. It is argued that regressive
autistic spectrum disorders can be conceptualized on a spectrum with other regressive disorders that may share common pathophysiological
features. The implications of this viewpoint are discussed. 相似文献
742.
Marta Picozzi Viola Macchi Cassia Chiara Turati Elena Vescovo 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,(4):487-502
This study compared the effect of stimulus inversion on 3- to 5-year-olds’ recognition of faces and two nonface object categories matched with faces for a number of attributes: shoes (Experiment 1) and frontal images of cars (Experiments 2 and 3). The inversion effect was present for faces but not shoes at 3 years of age (Experiment 1). Analogous results were found for boys when faces were compared with frontal images of cars. For girls, stimulus inversion impaired recognition of both faces and cars at 3 to 4 years of age, becoming specific to faces only at 5 years of age (Experiments 2 and 3). Evidence demonstrates that the ability to extract the critical cues that lead to adults’ efficient face recognition is selectively tuned to faces during preschool years. 相似文献
743.
Shannon E. Holleran Matthias R. Mehl Stephanie Levitt 《Journal of research in personality》2009,43(4):660-672
In two studies the authors examined the accuracy of stranger ratings of daily behavior based on thin slices of natural conversations. Methodologically, the studies extend past research by using a behavioral accuracy criterion, benchmarking zero-acquaintance accuracy against target and informant accuracy, and employing a representative design that sampled contexts from targets’ daily situations. Theoretically, the studies investigate how stereotypes influence the accuracy of first impressions depending on their sample-based validity. Across both studies, after listening to five conversational snippets (2.5 min total), the ratings of strangers were as accurate as the targets’ and informants’ ratings. Further, ratings for gender-stereotypic behaviors with a kernel of truth resulted in greater initial accuracy than ratings for gender-stereotypic behaviors with no kernel of truth. 相似文献
744.
Kerry Lynn H. MacSwain Simon B. Sherry Sherry H. Stewart Margo C. Watt Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos Aislin R. Graham 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):938-943
Health anxiety (HA) involves persistent worry about one’s health and beliefs one has an illness or may contract a disease. In the present study, gender differences in Noyes et al.’s (2003) interpersonal model of health anxiety (IMHA) were examined. Using a sample of 950 undergraduates (674 women; 276 men), multigroup confirmatory factor analyses suggested the measurement model for key dimensions of the IMHA (i.e., reassurance-seeking, alienation, worry, and absorption) were invariant across gender. This suggests key dimensions of this model are applicable to and generalizable across women and men. Coefficients alpha for and bivariate correlations between these IMHA dimensions were also roughly comparable across women and men. As hypothesized, mean levels of reassurance-seeking and worry were significantly higher in women compared to men. No gender differences were observed in mean levels of alienation or absorption. Reassurance-seeking and worry appear salient in the interpersonal behavior and emotional life of women with HA. The present study helps to clarify gender differences in the IMHA and other HA models involving similar variables. 相似文献
745.
Sex segregation (the separation of boys and girls into same-sex groups in their friendships and casual encounters; [Thorne, B., & Luria, Z. (1986). Sexuality and gender in children’s daily worlds. Social Problems, 33, 176–190]), has typically been viewed as a childhood phenomenon. In the present paper, we review research that suggests the phenomenon of sex segregation persists across the life span. We draw from a social-constructionist model to synthesize literature documenting sex segregation in friendships and aspects of individuals’ socio-cultural contexts in childhood, adolescence, and early and later adulthood. We consider developmental continuities in mechanisms that may be associated with sex segregation, including behavioral compatibility, communication styles, third-party resistance to other-sex relationships, and institutional barriers to other-sex relationships. We discuss how these factors may, through a reciprocal process, contribute to and result from sex segregation. Finally, we offer recommendations for future research. 相似文献
746.
The present study investigated the relevance of the “aspiration–expectation gap” and traditional gender differences among urban youth in middle school and high school (N = 294). Results failed to indicate a significant difference between the occupational prestige levels of aspired and expected careers, but did indicate a significant difference between aspired and expected levels of education. In general, the proportion of girls significantly outweighed the proportion of boys in traditionally “masculine” occupations with high levels of prestige; girls also had higher levels of occupational prestige than boys in terms of careers they hoped and expected to obtain. Black and bi/multi-racial youth expected to have higher levels of education than White youth. 相似文献
747.
In line with recent theories of embodied cognition, the authors propose that the self-concept may be embodied in sensory-motor representations. To test this notion, two studies investigated the effects of bodily feedback from a gesture associated with power (making a fist) on the self-concept. As expected, making a fist led male participants to perceive themselves as more assertive and esteemed (Study 1) and to display stronger associations between the self-concept and power (Study 2), while these effects were absent among female participants. The gender difference may reflect that men are more prone to use physical force to gain social influence. The results indicate that people’s conceptions of themselves are partly grounded in bodily experiences. 相似文献
748.
Since argument frames precede most other arguing processes, argument editing among them, one’s frames may well predict one’s
preferred editorial standards. This experiment assesses people’s arguing frames, gives them arguments to edit, and tests whether
the frames actually do predict editorial preferences. Modest relationships between argument frames and argument editing appear.
Other connections among frames, editing, and additional individual differences variables are more substantial. Particularly
notable are the informative influences of psychological reactance. A new theoretical contribution is offered, connecting argument
frame research to Erving Goffman’s frame analysis. 相似文献
749.
Carolyn E. Schwartz Penelope M. Keyl John P. Marcum Rita Bode 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(4):431-448
Objectives Adults who engage in altruistic social interest behaviors experience better mental health and have lower mortality rates
than non-altruistic adults. The present study investigated the relationship between altruism and health and well-being in
teens, and demographic and lifestyle variables. Methods A cross-sectional survey was implemented with a national sample of teens recruited through the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).
Measures included the PedsQL, the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale, and a new self-report scale of Altruism (subscales:
Receiving/ Providing Emotional Support, Family Helping Behavior, General Helping Behavior, and Helping Orientation). Results Data were collected from 457 teens (M age = 15.6, sd 1.2). Psychometric analyses revealed that a five-factor model fit the
altruism data well. Multivariate regression revealed no association between providing emotional support and psychosocial health.
There were, however, many associations between altruism and well-being, and differential associations by gender. Family helping
was the most salient aspect of altruism for males, showing associations with positive social relations, purpose in life, and
self-acceptance. For females, General Helping Behavior was associated with positive social relations, and Helping Orientation
was associated with better purpose in life. Family Helping was associated with better physical health in females, but not
for males. The only correlates of altruism were higher age, more physical activity, and engaging in positive religious coping.
Conclusions Altruism is positively associated with health for females and with well-being for both males and females. Different gender-specific
interventions to guide teens in doing more altruistic activities may have to be designed to capitalize on these different
associations.
相似文献
Carolyn E. SchwartzEmail: |
750.