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121.
Hahn C Neuhaus AH Pogun S Dettling M Kotz SA Hahn E Brüne M Güntürkün O 《Brain and cognition》2011,76(2):300-309
Schizophrenia has been associated with deficits in functional brain lateralization. According to some authors, the reduction of asymmetry could even promote this psychosis. At the same time, schizophrenia is accompanied by a high prevalence of nicotine dependency compared to any other population. This association is very interesting, because sex-dependent effects of smoking in auditory language asymmetries have been reported recently, and the verbal domain is also one major focus in cognitive deficit studies of schizophrenia. Thus, the altered laterality pattern in schizophrenia could, at least in part, result from secondary artefacts due to smoking rather than being a pure cause of the disease itself. To test this hypothesis, the present study examined auditory language lateralization in 67 schizophrenia patients and in 72 healthy controls in a phonemic and an emotional dichotic listening task. Our findings replicate previous research, in that smoking reduces language lateralization in men in phonemic dichotic listening. In addition, we show that smoking also reduces laterality in women in the emotional dichotic listening task. Thus, smoking alters phonemic and emotional language asymmetries differentially for men and women, with a stronger effect for men in the left hemisphere phonemic task, and a stronger effect for women in the right hemisphere emotional task. Together, these findings point towards an effect of smoking which is possibly independent of sex and hemisphere. Importantly, by testing equal numbers of smoking and non-smoking patients and controls, we found no schizophrenia-associated asymmetry effect. Possible neurobiological mechanisms with which smoking may alter auditory microcircuits and thereby diminish left-right differences are discussed. 相似文献
122.
Hansen S 《Brain and cognition》2011,76(3):364-368
We here report two studies exploring associations between inhibitory control (measured with the Sustained Attention to Response Task, SART) on the one hand, and self-reports of trait cooperativeness and empathy on the other. A coherent picture was obtained in women whose inhibitory control proficiency predicted higher scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory Cooperativeness and a higher Empathy Quotient. Individual differences in working memory did not predict self-reported empathy. In men, the association between SART performance and empathy was less clear: Good performance on the inhibitory task predicted lower scores on Cooperativeness and was unrelated to the Empathy Quotient. In both studies, women outperformed men on the SART. The results in women may reflect how individual differences in elemental neuro-cognitive operations such as inhibitory control influence more complex functions such as social cognition. 相似文献
123.
Kimberly A.S. Howard Aaron H. Carlstrom Andrew D. Katz Aaronson Y. Chew G. Christopher Ray Lia Laine David Caulum 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2011,(1):98-109
This study examined the influence of gender, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity on the career aspirations of over 22,000 8th and 10th grade youth. The top five occupations identified by youth as aspirations included artist, lawyer, musician, FBI agent, and actor/actress. Top occupations were also reported for each gender × socioeconomic status × race/ethnicity group. Aspirations were coded by social prestige level, minimum education requirements, and median salary. Results revealed significant main effects for socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity as well as significant interaction effects. Further, significant gender main effects and a significant gender × ethnicity interaction were found for occupational prestige and educational requirements. 相似文献
124.
Two subject–verb agreement error elicitation studies tested the hierarchical feature-passing account of agreement computation in production and three timing-based alternatives: linear distance to the head noun, semantic integration, and a combined effect of both (a scope of planning account). In Experiment 1, participants completed subject noun phrase (NP) stimuli consisting of a head NP followed by two prepositional phrase (PP) modifiers, where the first PP modified the first NP, and the second PP modified one of the two preceding NPs. Semantic integration between the head noun and the local noun within each PP was held constant across structures. The mismatch error pattern showed an effect of linear distance to the head noun and no influence of hierarchical distance. In Experiment 2, participants completed NP PP PP stimuli in which both PPs modified the head noun, and both the order of the two PPs and the local nouns’ degree of semantic integration with the head noun were varied. The pattern of mismatch errors reflected a combination of semantic integration and linear distance to the head noun. These studies indicate that agreement processes are strongly constrained by grammatical-level scope of planning, with local nouns planned closer to the head having a greater chance of interfering with agreement computation. 相似文献
125.
126.
Self-presentation and gender on MySpace 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Adriana M. Manago Michael B. Graham Patricia M. Greenfield Goldie Salimkhan 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2008,29(6):446
Within the cultural context of MySpace, this study explores the ways emerging adults experience social networking. Through focus group methodology, the role of virtual peer interaction in the development of personal, social, and gender identities was investigated. Findings suggest that college students utilize MySpace for identity exploration, engaging in social comparison and expressing idealized aspects of the selves they wish to become. The public nature of self and relationship displays introduce feedback mechanisms by which emerging adults can legitimize images as associated with the self. Also, male–female differences in self-presentation parallel, and possibly intensify, gender norms offline. Our study suggests that social networking sites provide valuable opportunities for emerging adults to realize possible selves; however, increased pressure for female sexual objectification and intensified social comparison may also negatively impact identity development. A balanced view, presenting both opportunities and drawbacks, should be encouraged in policies regarding youth participation in social networking sites. 相似文献
127.
The relationship between activation of the right cerebral hemisphere (RH) and empathy was investigated. Twenty-two men and 73 women participated by completing a chimeric face task and empathy questionnaire. For the face task, participants were asked to pick which of the two chimeric faces looked happier. Both men and women were significantly more likely to say the chimera with the smile to their left was happier, suggesting activation of the RH. As expected, men scored significantly lower than women on the empathy questionnaire, p = .003. A correlation was found between RH activation on the face task and empathy for women only, p = .037, suggesting a possible neural basis for gender differences in empathy. 相似文献
128.
Using a stratified sample of Canadian adolescents residing in Ontario (n = 2,154) time use patterns and perceptions of time pressure are explored to determine gender differences among younger (12–14 years)
and older adolescents (15–19 years). For both age groups, girls report a higher total workload of schoolwork, domestic activities
and paid employment and spend more time on personal care while boys have more free time, especially during early adolescence.
Feelings of time pressure for teens increase with age and are significantly higher for girls in both age categories. Gender
differences are less pronounced on school days when time is fairly structured, but become more consistent with traditional
gender schema on the weekend when time use is more discretionary. 相似文献
129.
Larena Hoeber 《Sex roles》2008,58(1-2):58-71
Although gender equity for athletes is a frequently researched topic, it is often assumed that understandings of gender equity
are unitary and shared, which may complicate the implementation of it. The purpose of this study was to understand and critique
the meanings of gender equity for athletes through in-depth interviews with 5 administrators, 6 coaches, and 17 athletes at
1 Canadian university athletic department. These data were coded and categorized using Atlas.ti. The findings revealed multiple
but narrow meanings of gender equity: (a) equality, (b) conditional equality, and (c) a women’s only issue. None of these
challenged the taken for granted assumptions associated with university athletics; however, they illustrated the complexities
and struggles involved in understanding this organizational value. 相似文献
130.
Drawing on a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews with 30 rural and urban Australian women, we analyze their experiences
of a hysterectomy for conditions other than cancer. Women were recruited via advertisements in community newspapers and the
network sampling technique. The study aimed to identify the personal, social and medical factors that influenced their decision
to undergo surgery and on their understandings of self following this procedure. Three common themes emerged: a negative response
to a hysterectomy, ambivalence about it and a perceiving it as having a positive impact on the woman’s self. The latter pattern
predominated, indicating that contrary to the medical rhetoric, women’s own accounts are different and relevant when counseling
women about a hysterectomy. 相似文献