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71.
In the present study we considered the two factors that have been advocated for playing a role in emotional attention: perception
of gaze direction and facial expression of emotions. Participants performed an oculomotor task in which they had to make a
saccade towards one of the two lateral targets, depending on the colour of the fixation dot which appeared at the centre of
the computer screen. At different time intervals (stimulus onset asynchronies, SOAs: 50,100,150 ms) following the onset of
the dot, a picture of a human face (gazing either to the right or to the left) was presented at the centre of the screen.
The gaze direction of the face could be congruent or incongruent with respect to the location of the target, and the expression
could be neutral or angry. In Experiment 1 the facial expressions were presented randomly in a single block, whereas in Experiment
2 they were shown in separate blocks. Latencies for correct saccades and percentage of errors (saccade direction errors) were
considered in the analyses. Results showed that incongruent trials determined a significantly higher percentage of saccade
direction errors with respect to congruent trials, thus confirming that gaze direction, even when task-irrelevant, interferes
with the accuracy of the observer’s oculomotor behaviour. The angry expression was found to hold attention for a longer time
with respect to the neutral one, producing delayed saccade latencies. This was particularly evident at 100 ms SOA and for
incongruent trials. Emotional faces may then exert a modulatory effect on overt attention mechanisms. 相似文献
72.
人类日常动作有两种类型, 一是是对外界刺激的反应, 是一种自下而上的动作模式, 即感觉运动(sensorimotor)模式; 二是以人们头脑中的观念意图为基础, 由观念引导, 为了实现一个特定的目标而执行特定的动作, 是一种自上而下的动作模式, 即观念运动(ideomotor)模式。观念运动理论(ideomotor theory)所解释的就是以基于意图的动作。该理论经历了长期的演变, 一般动作执行与动作模仿领域内的行为与神经科学研究的证据初步证实了观念运动的理论构想与主要机制:共同编码机制与镜像神经机制。观念运动理论在贯通感知觉与动作方面具有重大意义, 由此还产生了共享环路模型(shared circuits model, SCM)等新近观点。此外, 观念运动理论还强调了目标和预期的重要地位。未来还需加强对动作与意图之间的通路, 以及动作的本体性效果等方面的研究。 相似文献
73.
阅读流畅性研究及其进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从介绍两个阅读发展模型入手,探讨了阅读流畅性与阅读的关系,揭示阅读流畅性在阅读发展进程中的地位和作用,并介绍了影响阅读流畅性的因素。在此基础上,指出了阅读流畅性研究对语言认知研究的重要性,并对今后研究作了初步展望。 相似文献
74.
群体过程由各种行动和行为反应组成,具有动态性和复杂性。以往研究根据群体均衡理论、功能观点或时间理论等分别开发了各种基于研究者视角的群体互动过程观察分析系统。但很多研究结论并不一致,主要原因在于各个分析系统的关注点不同。本研究从信效度、理论基础、分析对象以及编码难易等角度总结了各个系统的优点和不足,并进一步提出未来研究可能的方向:构建适当的群体决策动态实验任务、明确群体过程作用机制、以及开发运用于实践的群体互动过程分析系统。 相似文献
75.
76.
While viewing faces, human adults often demonstrate a natural gaze bias towards the left visual field, that is, the right
side of the viewee’s face is often inspected first and for longer periods. Using a preferential looking paradigm, we demonstrate
that this bias is neither uniquely human nor limited to primates, and provide evidence to help elucidate its biological function
within a broader social cognitive framework. We observed that 6-month-old infants showed a wider tendency for left gaze preference
towards objects and faces of different species and orientation, while in adults the bias appears only towards upright human
faces. Rhesus monkeys showed a left gaze bias towards upright human and monkey faces, but not towards inverted faces. Domestic
dogs, however, only demonstrated a left gaze bias towards human faces, but not towards monkey or dog faces, nor to inanimate
object images. Our findings suggest that face- and species-sensitive gaze asymmetry is more widespread in the animal kingdom
than previously recognised, is not constrained by attentional or scanning bias, and could be shaped by experience to develop
adaptive behavioural significance. 相似文献
77.
Gaze following allows individuals to detect the locus of attention of both conspecifics and other species. However, little
is known about how this ability develops. We explored the emergence of bobwhite quail hatchlings’ ability to track human gaze
by assessing their avoidance behavior in an open arena under five testing conditions: (1) a Direct Gaze condition, in which
an experimenter looking down was positioned above one of two approach areas; (2) a Gaze Follow condition in which an experimenter,
positioned equidistant between two approach areas, directed his/her gaze towards one of the areas; (3) a Masked Gaze Follow
condition, in which the experimenter wore a mask during the Gaze Follow test; (4) a Deprived Face Experience condition, in
which hatchlings were deprived of experience with human faces prior to the Gaze Follow test; and (5) a Control condition in
which no experimenter was present during testing. Results revealed that hatchlings from the Direct Gaze condition preferred
the non-gazed approach area at all ages tested. Hatchlings from the Gaze Follow condition preferred the non-gazed approach
area at 48 and 72 h, but not at 24 h of age. In contrast, hatchlings from the Masked Gaze Follow, Deprived Face and Control
conditions did not prefer either approach area at any age tested. These results indicate that experience with human faces
plays a key role in the rapid emergence of gaze following behavior in bobwhite quail hatchlings. 相似文献
78.
A perceived event such as a visual stimulus in the external world and a to-be-produced event such as an intentional action
are subserved by event representations. Event representations do not only contain information about present states but also
about past and future states. Here we focus on the role of representing future states in event perception and generation (i.e.,
prospective coding). Relevant theoretical issues and paradigms are discussed. We suggest that the predictive power of the
motor system may be exploited for prospective coding not only in producing but also in perceiving events. Predicting is more
advantageous than simply reacting. Perceptual prediction allows us to select appropriate responses ahead of the realization
of an (anticipated) event and therefore, it is indispensable to flexibly and timely adapt to new situations and thus, successfully
interact with our physical and social environment. 相似文献
79.
采用拟人化配声和对形容词进行性别倾向评定的方法,对小学生对无性别事物的性别编码进行了研究。结果表明:(1)小学生对无性别事物存在着性别编码倾向,而且相当稳定。这种倾向一年级时已经基本形成,传统文化和生活经验会加强这种倾向。(2)小学生对无性别事物的性别编码总体趋势一致,但也存在一定的年级差异。随年级增长,将雌性倾向事物划分为女性的比率在增长,将雄性倾向事物划分为男性的比率也在增长。(3)小学生对无性别事物的性别编码也具有性别差异。男生和女生存在以自身性别为中心的倾向。男生更多地看到中性事物的男性特征,女生更多地注意到中性事物的女性特征。与男生相比,女生性别编码的倾向更强些。 相似文献
80.
Shoji Itakura 《Animal cognition》2001,4(3-4):281-284
The goal of this study was to examine the effect of joint visual attention on infants' behavior during subsequent events.
Thirty-seven mother-infant (aged from 9 to 13 months) pairs were twice shown a pair of line drawing stimuli on a computer
screen. For the control group, the mother never paid attention to the stimuli. For experimental group 1, the mother pointed
to one stimulus in the first presentation but did not point to it in the second presentation. The infants gazed longer at
the stimulus pointed to by their mothers in the first presentation. In the second presentation, during which mothers did not
attend to the stimuli, infants gazed longer at the stimulus which had been pointed to by the mothers in the first presentation.
In experimental group 2, one of two stimuli blinked during the first presentation but not the second presentation. Infants
gazed for longer at the blinking stimulus in the first presentation, but there was no difference in looking time toward the
two stimuli in the second presentation. These results suggest that joint visual attention affects infants' looking behavior
during subsequent events, and that simple stimulus change does not.
Accepted after revision: 2 May 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献