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71.
Nancy A. Neef Traci Cihon Tracy Kettering Amanda Guld Judah B. Axe Madoka Itoi Ruth DeBar 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(3):235-249
We compared two formats for optional study sessions offered to students in a research methods course. Study sessions alternated
between a game format (e.g., Behavioral Jeopardy) and a student-directed question and answer format, presented in counterbalanced
order across different sections of the same course. The results of the alternating treatments design in Study 1 indicated
that, despite improvements in quiz performance relative to baseline, there were no consistent differences between the two
formats on attendance at the study sessions or on weekly quiz performance. Similar results were obtained in a systematic replication
(Study 2) in which opportunities to respond to game questions were equated across study sessions. 相似文献
72.
Martin Smith 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2007,36(1):97-121
Our understanding of subjunctive conditionals has been greatly enhanced through the use of possible world semantics and, more
precisely, by the idea that they involve variably strict quantification over possible worlds. I propose to extend this treatment
to ceteris paribus conditionals – that is, conditionals that incorporate a ceteris paribus or ‘other things being equal’ clause. Although such conditionals
are commonly invoked in scientific theorising, they traditionally arouse suspicion and apprehensiveness amongst philosophers.
By treating ceteris paribus conditionals as a species of variably strict conditional I hope to shed new light upon their content
and their logic. 相似文献
73.
Standard Kripke models are inadequate to model situations of inexact knowledge with introspection, since positive and negative
introspection force the relation of epistemic indiscernibility to be transitive and euclidean. Correlatively, Williamson’s
margin for error semantics for inexact knowledge invalidates axioms 4 and 5. We present a new semantics for modal logic which
is shown to be complete for K45, without constraining the accessibility relation to be transitive or euclidean. The semantics corresponds to a system of
modular knowledge, in which iterated modalities and simple modalities are not on a par. We show how the semantics helps to
solve Williamson’s luminosity paradox, and argue that it corresponds to an integrated model of perceptual and introspective
knowledge that is psychologically more plausible than the one defended by Williamson. We formulate a generalized version of
the semantics, called token semantics, in which modalities are iteration-sensitive up to degree n and insensitive beyond n. The multi-agent version of the semantics yields a resource-sensitive logic with implications for the representation of common
knowledge in situations of bounded rationality. 相似文献
74.
Giorgi Japaridze 《Studia Logica》2009,91(1):1-24
Within the program of finding axiomatizations for various parts of computability logic, it was proven earlier that the logic of interactive Turing reduction is exactly the implicative fragment of Heyting’s intuitionistic
calculus. That sort of reduction permits unlimited reusage of the computational resource represented by the antecedent. An
at least equally basic and natural sort of algorithmic reduction, however, is the one that does not allow such reusage. The
present article shows that turning the logic of the first sort of reduction into the logic of the second sort of reduction
takes nothing more than just deleting the contraction rule from its Gentzen-style axiomatization. The first (Turing) sort
of interactive reduction is also shown to come in three natural versions. While those three versions are very different from
each other, their logical behaviors (in isolation) turn out to be indistinguishable, with that common behavior being precisely
captured by implicative intuitionistic logic. Among the other contributions of the present article is an informal introduction
of a series of new — finite and bounded — versions of recurrence operations and the associated reduction operations.
Presented by Robert Goldblatt 相似文献
75.
Ernst Zimmermann 《Studia Logica》2009,91(1):131-138
The paper presents predicate logical extensions of some subintuitionistic logics. Subintuitionistic logics result if conditions
of the accessibility relation in Kripke models for intuitionistic logic are dropped. The accessibility relation which interprets
implication in models for the propositional base subintuitionistic logic considered here is neither persistent on atoms, nor
reflexive, nor transitive. Strongly complete predicate logical extensions are modeled with a second accessibility relation,
which is a partial order, for the interpretation of the universal quantifier.
Presented by Melvin Fitting 相似文献
76.
Students chose between two allocation options, one that gave the allocator more and another participant still more (the “optimal” choice) and one which gave the allocator less and the other participant still less (the “competitive” choice). In a within‐subjects design, students' behavior patterns were significantly correlated across the two rounds of decision‐making; however, students allocated more optimally when the allocation involved real rather than hypothetical money, suggesting that both motivational context and individuals' personality and/or experience influence preference patterns. The nature of the putative other participant did not affect the allocation: students allocated in a comparable fashion whether the other participant was said to be male, female, or a computer. 相似文献
77.
Previous studies have shown that children retreat from argument-structure overgeneralization errors (e.g., * Don't giggle me ) by inferring that frequently encountered verbs are unlikely to be grammatical in unattested constructions, and by making use of syntax-semantics correspondences (e.g., verbs denoting internally caused actions such as giggling cannot normally be used causatively). The present study tested a new account based on a unitary learning mechanism that combines both of these processes. Seventy-two participants (ages 5–6, 9–10, and adults) rated overgeneralization errors with higher (* The funny man's joke giggled Bart ) and lower (* The funny man giggled Bart ) degrees of direct external causation. The errors with more-direct causation were rated as less unacceptable than those with less-direct causation. This finding is consistent with the new account, under which children acquire—in an incremental and probabilistic fashion—the meaning of particular constructions (e.g., transitive causative = direct external causation) and particular verbs, rejecting generalizations where the incompatibility between the two is too great. 相似文献
78.
Marchetti G 《Cognitive processing》2009,10(1):7-40
The analysis of time is vitiated very often by circularity: several disciplines, such as psychology, linguistics, and neurosciences,
analyze time by using concepts or terms which already contain in themselves, or are based, on the experience and notion of
time (as when, for example, time is defined as “duration”, or when our ability to estimate durations is explained by resorting
to the notion of an internal clock). Some detailed examples of circularity in the analysis of time are given here and examined.
A way out of circularity is then given: it is represented by the proposal of attentional semantics (AS) of considering words
and their meanings in terms of the aim they serve, and the means and processes developed and implemented in order to achieve
that aim. According to AS, the main aim of words is that of indicating to, and eliciting in, the listener or reader a specific
conscious experience: namely, the conscious experience referred to by their meanings. Words achieve their main aim by conveying
the condensed instructions on the attentional operations one has to perform if one wants to consciously experience what is
expressed through and by them. By describing the conscious experiences elicited by words in terms of the attentional operations
that are responsible for the production of such conscious experiences, AS offers an a-linguistic counterpart to language,
and therefore an effective way out of circularity. Following in footsteps of Mach (Contributions to the analysis of the sensations,
1890), but slightly revising his hypothesis, AS defines time-sensation as the perception of the effort made, or alternatively
the nervous energy expended, by the organ of attention when performing a “temporal activity” (for instance, estimating duration),
that is, when one’s own attention is focused in a continuous and incremental way on the conscious product of the (“non-temporal”)
activity performed by means of another portion of one’s attention.
相似文献
Giorgio MarchettiEmail: Email: |
79.
Lou Goble 《Studia Logica》2007,85(2):171-197
The results of this paper extend some of the intimate relations that are known to obtain between combinatory logic and certain
substructural logics to establish a general characterization theorem that applies to a very broad family of such logics. In
particular, I demonstrate that, for every combinator X, if LX is the logic that results by adding the set of types assigned to X (in an appropriate type assignment system, TAS) as axioms
to the basic positive relevant logic B∘T, then LX is sound and complete with respect to the class of frames in the Routley-Meyer relational semantics for relevant and substructural
logics that meet a first-order condition that corresponds in a very direct way to the structure of the combinator X itself.
Presented by Rob Goldblatt 相似文献
80.
Anticipation plays a role in language comprehension. In this article, we explore the extent to which verb sense influences expectations about upcoming structure. We focus on change of state verbs like shatter , which have different senses that are expressed in either transitive or intransitive structures, depending on the sense that is used. In two experiments we influence the interpretation of verb sense by manipulating the thematic fit of the grammatical subject as cause or affected entity for the verb, and test whether readers' expectations for a transitive or intransitive structure change as a result. This sense-biasing context influenced reading times in the postverbal regions. Reading times for transitive sentences were faster following good-cause than good-theme subjects, but the opposite pattern was found for intransitive sentences. We conclude that readers use sense-contingent subcategorization preferences during on-line comprehension. 相似文献