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141.
The adult human brain quickly adapts to regular temporal sequences, and emits a sequence of novelty responses when these regularities are violated. These novelty responses have been interpreted as error signals that reflect the difference between the incoming signal and predictions generated at multiple cortical levels. Do infants already possess such a hierarchy of violation-detection mechanisms? Using high-density recordings of event-related potentials during an auditory local–global violation paradigm, we show that three-month-old infants process novelty in temporal sequences at two distinct levels. Violations of local expectancies, such as perceiving a deviant vowel “a” after repeated presentation of another vowel i-i-i, elicited an early auditory mismatch response. Conversely, violations of global expectancies, such as hearing the rare sequence a-a-a-a instead of the frequent sequence a-a-a-i, modulated this early mismatch response and led to a late frontal negative slow wave, whose cortical sources included the left inferior frontal region. These results suggest that the infant brain already possesses two dissociable systems for temporal sequence learning. 相似文献
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144.
The multisensory response enhancement (MRE), occurring when the response to a visual target integrated with a spatially congruent sound is stronger than the response to the visual target alone, is believed to be mediated by the superior colliculus (SC) (Stein & Meredith, 1993). Here, we used a focused attention paradigm to show that the spatial congruency effect occurs with red (SC-effective) but not blue (SC-ineffective) visual stimuli, when presented with spatially congruent sounds. To isolate the chromatic component of SC-ineffective targets and to demonstrate the selectivity of the spatial congruency effect we used the random luminance modulation technique (Experiment 1) and the tritanopic technique (Experiment 2). Our results indicate that the spatial congruency effect does not require the distribution of attention over different sensory modalities and provide correlational evidence that the SC mediates the effect. 相似文献
145.
The objective of this study was to extend the probability of treatment benefit method by adding treatment condition as a stratifying variable, and illustrate this extension of the methodology using the Child and Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study data. The probability of treatment benefit method produces a simple and practical way to predict individualized treatment benefit based on pretreatment patient characteristics. Two pretreatment patient characteristics were selected in the production of the probability of treatment benefit charts: baseline anxiety severity, measured by the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale, and treatment condition (cognitive-behavioral therapy, sertraline, their combination, and placebo). We produced two charts as exemplars which provide individualized and probabilistic information for treatment response and outcome to treatments for child anxiety. We discuss the implications of the use of the probability of treatment benefit method, particularly with regard to patient-centered outcomes and individualized decision-making in psychology and psychiatry. 相似文献
146.
To create customer-oriented organizations, managers are often asked to promote a values-based vision. Yet, many managers struggle with transferring their values to employees making strategic value changes difficult. Despite this challenge, research has yet to demonstrate how managers effectively align values within the sales force, or the impact alignment has on job outcomes. Therefore, we develop and empirically test a conceptual framework to examine the role of transformational leadership in aligning salesperson customer orientation (CO) values. We find that transformational leadership is a strong mechanism in creating perceived value congruence, yet may have a surprising dark side. Results suggest that transformational managers achieve congruence by raising or, contrary to conventional wisdom, lowering salesperson CO values to meet the perceived values of the manager. Response surface modelling results support the importance of perceived manager values. Customer-oriented salespeople have higher job satisfaction and sales performance when they perceive their manager to also have high CO. When values are misaligned, job satisfaction increases more for low CO salespeople as perceptions of manager CO increase. Exploratory findings show that performance was higher under situations of perfect alignment but also under severe misalignment suggesting that values generate performance under complementary or supplementary conditions. 相似文献
147.
脓毒症多呈现典型的促炎效应和抗炎反应,并与获得性免疫功能障碍同时出现,且免疫细胞中超过80%的基因表达发生改变。由于单核/巨噬细胞细胞因子谱的改变、主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ类抗原(MHCⅡ)及共刺激分子表达下降以及树突状细胞的凋亡,诱发细胞免疫功能下降;中性粒细胞活性降低和补体系统的激活,又增加感染易感性。T淋巴细胞表现... 相似文献
148.
Birte Moeller Christian Frings 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2014,10(2):68-80
Strong associations between target stimuli and responses usually facilitate fast
and effortless reactions. The present study investigated whether long-term
associations between distractor stimuli and responses modulate behavior. In
particular, distractor stimuli can affect behavior due to distractor-based
stimulus-response retrieval, a phenomenon called distractor-response
binding: An ignored stimulus becomes temporarily associated with a
response and retrieves it at stimulus repetition. In a flanker task,
participants ignored left and right pointing arrows and responded to a target
letter either with left and right (strongly associated) responses or with upper
and lower (weakly associated) responses. Binding effects were modulated in
dependence of the long-term association strength between distractors and
responses. If the association was strong (arrows pointing left and right with
left and right responses), binding effects emerged but only in case of
compatible responses. If the long-term association between distractors and
responses was weak (arrows pointing left and right with upper and lower
responses), binding was weaker and not modulated by compatibility. In contrast,
sequential compatibility effects were not modulated by association strength
between distractor and response. The results indicate that existing long-term
associations between stimuli responses may modulate the impact of an ignored
stimulus on action control. 相似文献
149.
Gray VA 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1976,25(2):199-207
Five pigeons were given single-stimulus training on an 8-sec differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule followed by steady-state generalization training using 12 wavelength stimuli. Three birds had a high percentage of reinforced responses on the training schedule and flat generalization gradients of total responses. The birds with fewer reinforced responses had much steeper generalization gradients. Generalization gradients plotted as a function of both stimulus wavelength and interresponse time showed that for most birds, stimulus control was restricted to responses with long interresponse times. Responses with very short interresponse times were not under stimulus control and there was some evidence of inhibitory control of short interresponse times. Interresponse-times-per-opportunity functions, plotted as a function of stimulus wavelength, showed that stimulus wavelength controlled the temporal distribution of responses, rather than the overall rate of response. The data indicate that the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule generates several response categories that are controlled in different ways by wavelength and time-correlated stimuli, and that averaging responses regardless of interresponse-time length obscures this control. 相似文献
150.