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221.
Human performance in cognitive testing and experimental psychology is expressed in terms of response speed and accuracy. Data analysis is often limited to either speed or accuracy, and/or to crude summary measures like mean response time (RT) or the percentage correct responses. This paper proposes the use of mixed regression for the psychometric modeling of response speed and accuracy in testing and experiments. Mixed logistic regression of response accuracy extends logistic item response theory modeling to multidimensional models with covariates and interactions. Mixed linear regression of response time extends mixed ANOVA to unbalanced designs with covariates and heterogeneity of variance. Related to mixed regression is conditional regression, which requires no normality assumption, but is limited to unidimensional models. Mixed and conditional methods are both applied to an experimental study of mental rotation. Univariate and bivariate analyzes show how within-subject correlation between response and RT can be distinguished from between-subject correlation, and how latent traits can be detected, given careful item design or content analysis. It is concluded that both response and RT must be recorded in cognitive testing, and that mixed regression is a versatile method for analyzing test data.I am grateful to Rogier Donders for putting his data at my disposal. 相似文献
222.
Luke DA 《American journal of community psychology》2005,35(3-4):185-200
Community science has a rich tradition of using theories and research designs that are consistent with its core value of contextualism. However, a survey of empirical articles published in the American Journal of Community Psychology shows that community scientists utilize a narrow range of statistical tools that are not well suited to assess contextual data. Multilevel modeling, geographic information systems (GIS), social network analysis, and cluster analysis are recommended as useful tools to address contextual questions in community science. An argument for increased methodological consilience is presented, where community scientists are encouraged to adopt statistical methodology that is capable of modeling a greater proportion of the data than is typical with traditional methods. 相似文献
223.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to model a multitrait by multisource matrix to determine the convergent and discriminant validity of measures of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in 917 Malaysian elementary school children. The three trait factors were ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD. The two source factors were parents and teachers. Similar to earlier studies with Australian and Brazilian children, the parent and teacher measures failed to show convergent and discriminant validity with Malaysian children. The study outlines the implications of such strong source effects in ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD measures for the use of such parent and teacher scales to study the symptom dimensions. 相似文献
224.
The Toulmin diagram layout is very familiar and widely used, particularly in the teaching of critical thinking skills. The
conventional box-and-arrow diagram is equally familiar and widespread. Translation between the two throws up a number of interesting
challenges. Some of these challenges (such as the relationship between Toulmin warrants and their counterparts in traditional
diagrams) represent slightly different ways of looking at old and deep theoretical questions. Others (such as how to allow
Toulmin diagrams to be recursive) are diagrammatic versions of questions that have already been addressed in artificial intelligence
models of argument. But there are further questions (such as the relationships between refutations, rebuttals and undercutters,
and the roles of multiple warrants) that are posed as a specific result of examining the diagram inter-translation problem.
These three classes of problems are discussed. To the first class are addressed solutions based on engineering pragmatism;
to the second class, are addressed solutions drawn from the appropriate literature; and to the third class, fuller exploration
is offered justifying the approaches taken in developing solutions that offer both pragmatic utility and theoretical interest.
Finally, these solutions are explored briefly in the context of the Araucaria system, showing the ways in which analysts can tackle arguments either using one diagrammatic style or another, or even a
combination of the two. 相似文献
225.
Doctor's Expertise and Managing Discrepant Information from Other Sources in Genetic Counseling: A Conversation Analytic Perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The study examines a recurrent interactional pattern in genetic counseling. It describes clinical geneticists' responses in
situations in which clients have presented information from other sources that is potentially discrepant with information
given by the doctor. The data consists of 12 video-recorded sessions of genetic counseling in Finland, and the method is conversation
analysis. There are two primary ways the doctors respond: either they accept the client's information as such, but show that
it is not discrepant with the doctor's information, or they reject the client's information. In the latter case they mitigate
the ‘wrongness’ of the client's information. The clinical geneticists seem to be working with a dilemma: they need to find
a balance between ensuring correct understanding of the information and showing respect for the expertise of others. A particularly
complex case is also analyzed and reflected on. 相似文献
226.
One measure of the impact of genetic counseling and testing (GCT) is the extent to which it fosters behavioral change that is consistent with mutation status. We describe and illustrate how two different signal detection methods, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and recursive partitioning, can be used in this context to evaluate the impact of GCT. We analyzed real screening behavior data obtained in the 12 months following GCT for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC) using these two different signal detection approaches. Each approach demonstrated that GCT had an impact on behavioral outcomes, and was effective in fostering behavioral outcomes appropriate to mutation status. The ROC approach demonstrated that GCT was effective because mutation positive and mutation negative individuals could be distinguished on the basis of the number of recommended screening behaviors. The recursive partitioning approach demonstrated that GCT was effective because there were generally high rates of adherence to screening guidelines among subjects. The recursive partitioning technique also identified four subgroups of subjects, each with distinct characteristics, for which tailored interventions could be developed to increase rates of adherence to screening guidelines. Signal detection methods are easily implemented and are useful techniques for evaluating the impact of GCT. 相似文献
227.
228.
229.
Dorothée?LegrandEmail author Franck?Grammont 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2005,4(3):249-257
We discuss the justification of Bickle's “ruthless” reductionism. Bickle intends to show that we know enough about neurons
to draw conclusions about the “whole” brain and about the mind. However, his reductionism does not take into account the complexity
of the nervous system and the fact that new properties emerge at each significant level of integration from the coupled functioning
of elementary components. From a methodological point of view, we argue that neuronal and cognitive models have to exert a
mutual constraint(MC) on each other. This approach would refuse to award any priority of cognitive approaches over neuroscience, and reciprocally,
to refuse any priority of neuroscience over cognitive approaches. MC thus argues against radicalreductionism at the methodological level. 相似文献
230.
The new correlated 8-factor measurement structure of the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6-18 (CBCL/6-18; T. M. Achenbach & L. A. Rescorla, 2001) derived from an American sample was used as a benchmark to evaluate its generalizability to Turkish general population (N = 5,195) and clinical (N = 963) samples. Item-level confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the adequacy of the correlated 8-factor model across 3 sample conditions (general population, clinical, and combined sample whose Total Problems scores were above the Turkish national median). The results supported the generalizability of the overall measurement structure of the CBCL to the Turkish population. 相似文献