达标心率对缺血型心肌病和扩张型心肌病患者的影响

为观察达标心率对缺血型心肌病（ICM）和扩张型心肌病（DCM）患者预后的影响,所有入选ICM和DCM患者均给予常规抗心力衰竭药物及β受体阻滞剂（β-b）治疗,使心率维持于55次/分~60次/分,观察随访1年时的病死率、再入院率、舒张末期左室内径（LVEDd）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、氨基末端脑利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平来评估二者的预后。结果显示,随访结束时ICM患者较DCM患者再入院率低（P=0.037）,LVEDd低（P=0.034）,LVEF高（P=0.028）,收缩压高（P=0.029）;对于ICM患者,随访结束时较出院时LVEDd低（P=0.047）,LVEF高（P=0.018）,收缩压高（P=0.042）。因此,心率达标对ICM患者有助于改善预后,对DCM患者改善不明显,ICM患者心率达标时获益更大。     

Locomotor Analysis of the Taiep Rat

Locomotor activity (tremor, ataxia, immobility, epilepsy, and paralysis) in the taiep rat, which suffers from a myelin deficient disorder, has not been previously documented. This study used walking track analysis of footprints to analyze locomotor activity in the taiep rat in comparison to normal, age-matched controls. The results confirmed differences between normal and taiep rats in terms of stride length, step length, and stride width. In addition, we found significant interactions between age and condition for stride and step length. The results suggest that locomotor analysis is a sensitive indicant of myelin deficiency. The results are discussed in terms of the underlying myelin deficiency and possible treatment regimens.     

健康焦虑的研究现状

健康焦虑是一种由轻到重的连续性的症状谱,它的极端形式被称之为疑病症.关于健康焦虑的流行病学数据很少,发病的机制和原因也不清楚,但大多数的研究证实健康焦虑与焦虑障碍有相同的认知过程.疑病症的临床表现为疾病观念、躯体症状、歪曲信念和行为,健康焦虑只是在程度上轻于疑病症,并没有发生质的改变.在健康焦虑的治疗中最受关注的应属正念认知疗法,它在很多方面都优于传统的认知行为疗法,当然其他治疗方法也能起到一定的辅助作用.健康焦虑带来的危害是巨大的,因此社会将面临重大挑战.     

The development of young children's memory strategies: First findings from the Würzburg Longitudinal Memory Study

This article reports the first findings of the Würzburg Longitudinal Memory Study, which focuses on children's verbal memory development, particularly the acquisition of memory strategies. At the beginning of the study, 100 kindergarten children (mean age 6 1/2 years) were tested on various memory measures, including sort-recall, text recall, short-term memory capacity, and metamemory. Assessments were repeated twice, with adjacent measurement points separated by 6-month time intervals. One major goal of the initial phase of the study concerned the exploration of the utilization deficiency phenomenon, which refers to the fact that young children who spontaneously use a memory strategy for the first time do not experience immediate memory benefits. Results obtained for the sort-recall task showed that, among those children who acquired a sorting strategy between Times 1 and 2, only a small proportion experienced the utilization deficiency problem. Additional analyses demonstrated that these few children also performed more poorly on the short-term memory tasks and the text recall measure when compared with the groups of efficient strategy users, suggesting that utilization deficiency is accompanied by a more general memory capacity problem. Overall, the findings revealed enormous variability in the early acquisition of memory strategies, indicating that the utilization deficiency phenomenon might not be as frequent as is assumed in the relevant literature.     

小学儿童记忆中组织策略发展的实验研究

本研究探讨了小学儿童组织策略的发展,结果表明:1.小学儿童组织策略的发展可分为产生性缺损和成熟运用组织策略两个主要阶段。第一个阶段根据是否伴随中介性缺损又可分为两个亚阶段。2.导致产生性缺损的原因有:(1)缺乏对记忆手段和记忆目标之间的功能关系的清晰认识;(2)不能清楚地认识策略的有效性,以及常运用自己熟悉的、简单的、但也相对无效的策略;(3)较差的有关记忆材料的知识基础以及较低的认识发展水平。     

Favourite objects of autistic children

Favourite objects (FOs) of autistic children were compared with the FOs of healthy preschool and school children as well as mentally handicapped children. Three clusters of objects were obtained for normal children (comprising primary transitional objects and their forerunners, secondary transitional objects, and non-cuddly toys). When autistic children and mentally handicapped children were included, a fourth cluster of deviant objects was found. Frequency distributions of the two handicapped groups in the clusters were similar. Similarities between the two handicapped groups were also found within each cluster. The occurrence of secondary transitional objects was rare in the handicapped groups. The characteristics of "autistic" FOs reported in earlier case studies (e.g. being hard, often having an exciting effect, not being used in their adequate functions) were typical only of objects in the fourth cluster.     

The development and effectiveness of memory strategies in kindergarten and elementary school: Findings from the Würzburg and Göttingen longitudinal memory studies

This article reports findings of the Würzburg and Göttingen Longitudinal Memory Studies, which focused on children's verbal memory development. The studies started with 102 (German) kindergarten children in Würzburg and 86 second-graders in Göttingen who were tested on various memory measures, including sort-recall, memory capacity, metamemory, and verbal IQ. Assessments were repeated nine times, with adjacent measurement points separated by 6-month time intervals. The main goals of the studies concerned the assessment of utilization deficiencies during the course of strategy development, the analysis of factors influencing the effectiveness of strategy use, and the occurrence of multiple strategy use. Findings confirmed the outcome of previous longitudinal studies in that semantic organization strategies were not always accompanied by superior recall, but utilization deficiency problems were comparably rare. Strategy effectiveness was shown as being affected mainly by memory capacity and by children's tendency to engage in multiple strategy use. However, children did not start to apply multiple strategies effectively until the end of Grade 2.     

心理学的繁荣与国家政策的影响

国家政策是国家在一定历史时期根据社会发展所做出的一系列的方针政策,它可以反映一个国家的意识形态,同时也影响着这一时期学术思想的倾向。通过考察心理学在美国临床心理学、社区心理学、教育心理学和经济心理学领域的形成和发展,探讨了国家政策对心理学发展的深远影响。当前的社会发展对心理学的需求越来越高,这对心理学的发展是一个很好的机遇,国家政策的支持将促进心理学的飞跃和发展。     

时序知觉研究方法及其影响因素

时序知觉是个体对直接作用于感觉器官的客观事件顺序性的知觉。时序判断任务和同时性判断任务是研究时序知觉的经典实验范式。时序知觉不仅受机体变量,刺激变量及反应变量的影响,还受注意和通道等中介变量的影响。个体的意识和潜意识在同时性、非同时性和序列性时间知觉中的作用问题有待进一步探索。     

我国甲型H1N1流感防控策略的评析及选择

我国目前正处于甲型H1N1流感防控策略重要调整期,在系统梳理和总结我国自甲型H1N1发生以来防控策略基础上,通过对甲型H1N1流感防控引出的哲学命题、防疫体系和国际合作的思考,提出进一步完善我国甲型H1N1防控策略选择的意见和建议。