东莨菪碱对大鼠空间参考记忆和工作记忆的不同影响

观察东莨菪碱对空间参考记忆和空间工作记忆的编码、保持和提取过程的作用。应用Morris水迷宫实验测定大鼠的空间参考记忆和空间工作记忆,分别在训练的不同阶段腹腔注射东莨菪碱（1mg/kg）和相同容量的生理盐水,比较各东莨菪碱组和生理盐水组之间游泳潜伏期、路径长度、轨迹和游泳速度的差异。结果发现：与注射生理盐水相比,在训练前和探测实验前注射东莨菪碱的大鼠在探测实验中对目标象限不表现出空间偏爱,说明东莨菪碱干扰参考记忆的信息编码和提取过程;而在训练结束后注射东莨菪碱的大鼠探测实验的结果与生理盐水组相比没有显著差异,说明东莨菪碱对参考记忆的保持过程没有影响。在工作记忆实验中,无论第一次测试前、第一次测试后和第2次测试前注射东莨菪碱,均造成大鼠游泳潜伏期延长,说明东莨菪碱干扰工作记忆的编码、保持和提取过程。研究提示M受体在空间工作记忆和参考记忆中发挥不同作用     

When your heart is in your mouth: the effect of second language use on negative emotions

Research on bilingualism and emotions has shown stronger emotional responses in the native language (L1) compared to a foreign language. We investigated the potential of purposeful second language (L2) use as a means of decreasing the experience of psychological distress. Native Swedish speakers read and answered questions about negative and neutral texts in their L1 (Swedish) and their L2 (English) and were asked to rate their level of distress before or after the questions. The texts and associated questions were either written in the same (within-language), or different languages (cross-language). We found that within-language trials when the text was written in participants’ native language (Swedish–Swedish) resulted in an increase of distress, whilst cross-language trials (Swedish–English) resulted in a decrease of distress. This implies that purposeful second language use can diminish levels of distress experienced following a negative event encoded in one's first language.     

The influence of flavor preexposure and test interval on conditioned taste aversions in the rat

The effects of flavor preexposure and test interval on conditioned taste aversions were examined in four experiments. In the first three experiments, prior experience with a flavor different from that used as a conditioned-stimulus (CS) produced attenuated aversions when testing occurred after a 1-day interval but not after a 21-day interval. Preexposure to the same stimulus used as a CS produced attenuated aversions at both 1- and 21-day intervals. In Experiment 4, a delay interval between flavor preexposure and conditioning eliminated the attenuating effect of preexposure, but only when different stimuli were used for preexposure and conditioning. These data could not be easily accounted for by contemporary interpretations of preexposure as an event that interferes with subsequent acquisition of a conditioned aversion. An alternative retrieval interference hypothesis was outlined.     

审视马克思的工作室:马恩全集中的《资本论》及前期准备工作

本文以《资本论》及其手稿为例介绍了MEGA2即历史上第二次启动的马恩全集历史考证版的编纂工作和特征。作者指出,马克思和恩格斯之间的差异,以及马克思研究工作方式的开放性,是MEGA2这一历史考证版力图展现的两个重点,这一全集版本将开启通向马克思与恩格斯及其浩瀚著作的新入口。文章主体分三个部分,第一部分以《资本论》及其手稿的写作过程为例考察了马克思的工作方式,即他在研究写作中体现出的作为修改者和收集者的特征;第二部分以MEGA2中《资本论》及其手稿的编纂为例,介绍了这一历史考证版是如何展现马克思的工作方式,以及作者马克思和编者恩格斯之间差异的;第三部分介绍了目前网络空间里MEGA2的发布情况。     

B2C电子商务中消费者的风险来源及其影响

研究目的是通过考察B2C(Business to Consumer)电子商务中消费者知觉到的风险来源来验证电子商务交易中的虚实界面假设。通过访谈法和问卷法调查了337名被试,探讨了B2C电子商务中消费者认知到的风险来源结构,以及这些风险来源对消费者认知风险的影响。结果表明：消费者在B2C电子商务中的认知风险一部分来源于虚实界面     

Adverse caregiving in early life: The trauma and deprivation distinction in young children

Knowledge and understanding about the impact of cumulative adverse experiences on the health and wellbeing of children, adolescents, and adults has rapidly expanded over the past 30 years. Despite the invaluable attention and support this proliferation has drawn to the importance of early childhood experiences, we believe that it is time to move beyond broad indices of risk and toward more specific and individualized understanding of how risk exposures are linked to clinical outcomes in young children. Within infant and early childhood mental health, there is a need for greater specificity in linking adverse caregiving experiences in early life to psychopathology in children. We highlight a framework distinguishing experiences of trauma from experiences of deprivation and use the examples of posttraumatic stress disorder and reactive attachment disorder to demonstrate how greater specificity in our understanding of early adverse caregiving can lead to more accurate and targeted diagnosis and treatment for young children. Both researchers and clinicians benefit from an approach to gain a greater appreciation of the links between specific types of experiences and outcomes in the children that we serve.     

The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group intervention on depression and anxiety in patients with type II diabetes

IntroductionDepression and anxiety are important risk factors for diabetes and high blood pressure.ObjectiveThis study investigated the effectiveness of the Cognitive-Behavioral Group Intervention for Diabetes Disease (CBGI-DD) in reducing depression and anxiety in female patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodThe CBGI-DD program includes 12 weekly 2.5 h sessions, spread weekly over the course of 3 months. The present study was semi-experimental and controlled, with assessments at pre-test and post-test. It included diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of T2D in the patient's medical records by a diabetes specialist. Participants (62 female volunteers aged 25 to 75 years) were randomly allocated to a control or test group. Both groups responded to the Second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) before (pretest) and immediately after the intervention (posttest). Participants in the test group received CBGI-DD (from April up to the end of September 2018) at Mashhad Diabetes Center. The control group received only medical care during this period.ResultsAn analysis of covariance showed that compared to the control group, the test group had a significant reduction in anxiety and depression from pre-test to post-test (p < 0.05). It was compared post-test scores between the two groups, controlling for pre-test scores.ConclusionThe CBGI-DD program seems to be effective in reducing anxiety and depression in female patients with T2D. However, further research exploring the potential for long-term improvements in depression and anxiety is needed.     

Who is my Jung? Memories,Reflections, Prospects

The author describes his personal and professional journey in relation to the subject of the AJA 40^th anniversary conference, ‘Who is my Jung?’ The first part of the paper covers his early life and his attempt to bring together two opposing parts within him: valuation of a scientific approach, and an interest in the inner world, dreams and the paranormal. Discussion of his professional life follows, including his relationship with Gerhard Adler, past problems and splits within the Jungian community and the author's attempts to heal these. The value of both remembering and forgetting is questioned. This leads onto ideas that bring value and meaning to his work and life, and which bridge the inner divisions he felt in his early life: notably Jung's focus on applying scientific theory to the mystery of the psyche, his relational attitude (exemplified by the dialectical process and his interest in countertransference) and his theory of synchronicity. Recent discussion in Jungian writing has questioned the nature of synchronistic experiences and explored how they may emerge naturally from complex systems. The paper ends the author's continuing journey with two personal vignettes describing how meaning may emerge from the unconscious.