FOK判断与可接近信息之间的关系

通过三个实验,用语义联想集大小不同的中文单字词研究了靶项目联想集的大小与FOK判断等级和准确性的关系。实验一通过两种不同联想集大小的靶子,比较外显的、提取出的信息和内隐的、语义网络中固有的被激活信息量对FOK判断等级和FOK判断准确性是否有不同的影响。实验二和实验三通过不同的靶子呈现时间和学习遍数,比较不同的识记强度对不同大小联想集的靶子的FOK判断等级和FOK判断准确性的影响。实验结果表明：FOK判断等级随外显的、提取出的信息总量的增多而增高,随内隐的、语义网络中固有的被激活信息量的增多而降低。FOK判断准确性随靶子本身的激活强度的增强而增高,随内隐的、语义网络中固有的被激活信息的激活强度的增强而降低,FOK判断准确性取决于这两种激活强度的综合作用。     

肯定性“重要度“语义量词的多级估量模糊集模型建立及其应用

在人员选拔和心理素质评价研究中,需要通过被研究者在特定的问题、事件或情境上所作出的评价,来了解他们的心理活动特点。为了确保评价的可靠性,在量表设定上多采用自然语言的回答方式,如是或否,或极重要、很重要、较重要、稍重要等.等级性自然语言可表征人们评价事物的心理量,称语义量词.但这些语义量词不是一个数值,而是一个边界不确定的数量范围,难以作数量化分析,一直是心理测量方法学研究的重要课题。马谋超提出的模糊评判的“多级估量法”［‘l为等级性自然语言的数量化研究提供了重要的理论依据。优秀军事指挥员心理选拔与…     

Curry's paradox in contractionless constructive logic

We propose contractionless constructive logic which is obtained from Nelson's constructive logic by deleting contractions. We discuss the consistency of a naive set theory based on the proposed logic in relation to Curry's paradox. The philosophical significance of contractionless constructive logic is also argued in comparison with Fitch's and Prawitz's systems.     

Conditional discrimination in mentally retarded subjects: programming acquisition and learning set.

In Experiment 1, 3 subjects with retardation were exposed to two visual-visual arbitrary matching-to-sample problems each day. One conditional discrimination was presented under trial-and-error conditions, and the other was presented under a component training procedure. The latter began by establishing the comparison discrimination and its rapid reversal. The successive discrimination between the sample stimuli was established through differential naming. Then, sample naming was maintained in conditional discrimination sessions in which the same sample was presented in blocks of consecutive trials. Block size was decreased across sessions until sample presentation was randomized as in trial-and-error training (but with naming maintained). Two subjects initially learned only with component training. The performance of the 3rd subject was inconsistent across conditional discriminations. One of the successful subjects ultimately learned rapidly and consistently with trial-and-error procedures. Experiment 2 sought to demonstrate learning set in the other 2 subjects. Elements of the component training procedure were withdrawn over successive conditional discriminations. Ultimately, 1 subject nearly always learned under trial-and-error conditions, and the other learned under trial-and-error conditions combined with differential sample naming.     

注意定势对基于空间位置的返回抑制的影响

将研究注意定势的比例控制范式与基于空间位置的返回抑制范式相结合。系统地探讨了与空间位置相关的注意定势对基于空间位置的返回抑制的影响。结果表明。在20％和50％有效条件下均出现了显著的返回抑制。但由于注意定势的作用。20％有效条件下的返回抑制量要明显高于50％有效条件;而在80％有效条件下．没有出现返回抑制。并且外显地形成相关注意定势的被试显示出显著的返回抑制的反转。而没有外显地形成相关注意定势的被试则显示出了返回抑制效应。这表明,内源性的注意定势对返回抑制的质和量都有重要影响。适当的注意定势可以在任意方向上改变返回抑制。     

A First Order Nonmonotonic Extension of Constructive Logic

Certain extensions of Nelson's constructive logic N with strong negation have recently become important in arti.cial intelligence and nonmonotonic reasoning, since they yield a logical foundation for answer set programming (ASP). In this paper we look at some extensions of Nelson's .rst-order logic as a basis for de.ning nonmonotonic inference relations that underlie the answer set programming semantics. The extensions we consider are those based on 2-element, here-and-there Kripke frames. In particular, we prove completeness for .rst-order here-and-there logics, and their minimal strong negation extensions, for both constant and varying domains. We choose the constant domain version, which we denote by QN^c₅, as a basis for de.ning a .rst-order nonmonotonic extension called equilibrium logic. We establish several metatheoretic properties of QN^c₅, including Skolem forms and Herbrand theorems and Interpolation, and show that the .rst-oder version of equilibrium logic can be used as a foundation for answer set inference.     

类别意义连结在无意视盲中的作用

本研究考察在无注意定势的参与下,类别信息的意义连结对于无意视盲的作用。被试在实验任务之前观察、学习某一类别的若干刺激,以激活其类别概念和表征。结果表明,启动相关类别概念的被试在非注意情况下觉察到非预期的、显著刺激的可能性更大。这说明,意义连结可以广泛地作用于类别刺激,即使没有注意定势的影响,也能自动地注意到相关的刺激,从而促进其意识的加工。     

Weakly higher order cylindric algebras and finite axiomatization of the representables

We show that the variety of n-dimensional weakly higher order cylindric algebras, introduced in Németi [9], [8], is finitely axiomatizable when n > 2. Our result implies that in certain non-well-founded set theories the finitization problem of algebraic logic admits a positive solution; and it shows that this variety is a good candidate for being the cylindric algebra theoretic counterpart of Tarski’s quasi-projective relation algebras. Supported by the Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research grant T73601.     

Stereotype threat and inflexible perseverance in problem solving

The present research examines whether women burdened by stereotype threat, a threat of confirming negative ingroup stereotypes (Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797-811), are less able to abandon old strategies and employ newer, more efficient ones when conditions change. In two studies, stereotype threat was found to increase inflexible perseverance: women made to believe they were taking a diagnostic math/spatial ability test, compared to those not threatened by stereotypes, were more likely to use previously successful but presently inefficient or incorrect strategies. In Study 1, participants under stereotype threat also suppressed relevant stereotypes to the greatest degree, and their inflexible perseverance was predicted by the degree to which they suppressed these stereotypes. Implications for test performance and potential decision-making effects of stereotype threat are discussed.     

Executive control of thought and action: in search of the wild homunculus

Executive control is studied in many areas of psychological research using a wide variety of procedures. This article focuses on studies of the executive processes involved in switching between tasks. The experiments discussed were designed to isolate and measure the duration of the executive processes required to switch from one task to another. However, the research is open to alternative interpretations that do not hypothesize executive processes, suggesting that task-switching procedures may not measure the duration of executive control. Further research is required to determine whether or not behavioral effects reflect the involvement of executive processes.