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161.
This paper approaches the choice between the open and closed nuclear fuel cycles as a matter of intergenerational justice, by revealing the value conflicts in the production of nuclear energy. The closed fuel cycle improve sustainability in terms of the supply certainty of uranium and involves less long-term radiological risks and proliferation concerns. However, it compromises short-term public health and safety and security, due to the separation of plutonium. The trade-offs in nuclear energy are reducible to a chief trade-off between the present and the future. To what extent should we take care of our produced nuclear waste and to what extent should we accept additional risks to the present generation, in order to diminish the exposure of future generation to those risks? The advocates of the open fuel cycle should explain why they are willing to transfer all the risks for a very long period of time (200,000 years) to future generations. In addition, supporters of the closed fuel cycle should underpin their acceptance of additional risks to the present generation and make the actual reduction of risk to the future plausible. 相似文献
162.
该文从个体层面和群体层面对员工建言行为结果的研究进行综述。个体层面建言结果大致可以分为五个方面:员工绩效、工作态度、人际关系、建言采纳和后续建言行为; 群体层面的结果主要包括群体绩效、群体创新和群体离职。无论是在个体层面还是在群体层面, 建言对其结果的影响研究结论都不尽一致。个体层面研究结论的不一致可能是受建言特点(类型和策略)、建言者身份、建言对象反应、建言情境等调节因素的影响; 群体层面结论的不一致可能归因于建言对象和管理者可用资源等的调节作用。未来研究应进一步探索管理者对建言不同类型反应的原因, 探究群体建言的作用机制。 相似文献
163.
In order to explore public views on nanobiotechnology (NBT), convergence seminars were held in four places in Europe; namely
in Visby (Sweden), Sheffield (UK), Lublin (Poland), and Porto (Portugal). A convergence seminar is a new form of public participatory
activity that can be used to deal systematically with the uncertainty associated for instance with the development of an emerging
technology like nanobiotechnology. In its first phase, the participants are divided into three “scenario groups” that discuss
different future scenarios. In the second phase, the participants are regrouped into three “convergence groups”, each of which
contains representatives from each of the three groups from the first phase. In the final third phase, all participants meet
for a summary discussion. This pilot project had two aims: (1) to develop and assess the new methodology and (2) to gather
advice and recommendations from the public that may be useful for future decisions on nanobiotechnology (NBT). Participants
emphasized that they wanted the technology to focus on solutions to environmental and medical problems and to meet the needs
of developing countries. The need for further public participation and deliberation on NBT issues seemed to be acknowledged
by all participants. Many of them also raised equality concerns. Views on the means by which NBT should be steered into socially
useful directions were more divided. In particular, different views were expressed on how much regulation of company activities
is needed to curb unwanted developments. The participants’ responses in a questionnaire indicate that the methodology of the
convergence seminars was successful for decision-making under uncertainty. In particular, the participants stated that their
advice was influenced both by access to different possible future developments and by the points of view of their co-participants,
which is what the method is specifically intended to achieve.
相似文献
Sven Ove HanssonEmail: |
164.
If and Then: A Critique of Speculative NanoEthics 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
Alfred Nordmann 《Nanoethics》2007,1(1):31-46
Most known technology serves to ingeniously adapt the world to the physical and mental limitations of human beings. Humankind
has acquired awesome power with its rather limited means. Nanotechnological capabilities further this power. On some accounts,
however, nanotechnological research will contribute to a rather different kind of technological development, namely one that
changes human beings so as to remove or reduce their physical and mental limitations. The prospect of this technological development
has inspired a fair amount of ethical debate. Here, proponents and opponents of such visions of human enhancement are criticized
alike for engaging in speculative ethics. This critique exposes a general pattern that extends to other nano-, bio-, or neuroethical
debates. While it does not apply to all discussions of “enhancement technologies” it does apply to all ethical discourse that
constructs and validates an incredible future which it only then proceeds to endorse or critique. This discourse violates
conditions of intelligibility, squanders the scarce and valuable resource of ethical concern, and misleads by casting remote
possibilities or philosophical thought-experiments as foresight about likely technical developments. In effect, it deflects
consideration from the transformative technologies of the present.
相似文献
Alfred NordmannEmail: |
165.
166.
167.
Susan D. McMahon Eric Peist Jacqueline O. Davis Kailyn Bare Andrew Martinez Linda A. Reddy Dorothy L. Espelage Eric M. Anderman 《Aggressive behavior》2020,46(1):116-126
School violence is a significant public health concern that occurs in many forms. Physical aggression can cause serious bodily injury and long-term negative effects, and both teachers and students experience significant rates of physical aggression. There are few studies examining teachers’ experiences of physical aggression. Studies that go beyond prevalence are limited, and we know little about the triggers and consequences that surround these incidents. This qualitative investigation used an antecedent-behavior-consequence (A-B-C) framework to understand how incidents of physical aggression directed toward teachers unfold. The sample included 193 elementary and secondary teachers who completed an anonymous, online survey and described events leading up to and following their experiences with physical aggression. Using conventional content analysis, we identified common antecedents, such as breaking up fights, discipline, and directives, and common consequences, such as student removal, school staff involvement, positive outcomes, and inaction. Further analyses revealed seven common A-B-C patterns among physical aggression incidents that are highlighted and discussed. Utility of the A-B-C framework for teacher-directed violence is described, along with implications for research, practice, and policy. Exploring the context surrounding incidents of physical aggression directed against teachers provides useful information for violence prevention and interventions. 相似文献
168.
169.
The idea that influential factors for two subtypes of aggression (reactive and proactive aggression) should be different is popular, but the common influential factors have not been examined. Such an examination could help understand the influential factors of aggression from the perspective of multiple motivations affecting the development of aggressive motivations over time. The present study argued that angry rumination would be a common influential factor for both reactive and proactive aggression. In addition, consideration of future consequences (CFC) may moderate the longitudinal effect of angry rumination on proactive aggression. Two studies were conducted to test these hypotheses. In Study 1, a cross-lagged analysis with a 6-month interval was employed. A total of 505 undergraduate students (46% males) completed the questionnaires twice. Results indicated that after a 6-month period, angry rumination predicted reactive aggression but not proactive aggression. Furthermore, reactive aggression predicted angry rumination over time. In Study 2, a moderation analysis was performed with another 437 participants (130 males). The results partly supported our hypotheses, indicating that CFC-immediate (CFC-I) moderated the longitudinal effect of angry rumination on proactive aggression. The present results extended prior research regarding the predictors of proactive and reactive aggression and may contribute to a greater understanding of the development of aggressive motivation. In addition, our research suggested that high CFC-I may be an important factor for the motivation change from reactive aggression to proactive aggression. 相似文献
170.
Luther H. Martin 《Religion》2013,43(4):628-637
In Big Gods (2013), Ara Norenzayan argues that the rise of large-scale societies was made possible by an extension of small-scale religious prosociality, presided over (and enforced) by Big moralizing watchful Gods. While religious prosociality is, of course, a redundant characterization of any small-scale religious group, it is doubtful that its extension can account for the historical emergence of large-scale societies, nor can cooperation be explained as an effect of surveillance. Rather, the archaeological and historical record indicates that such large-scale expansions of human societies are better explained by economic factors, political power, and/or military force. Difficulties with Norenzayan's theory are explored and several alternative theories to his ‘neglect of history’ are suggested. 相似文献