脉压差变化对预测心血管疾病的研究进展

心血管疾病严重威胁人类的生命安全及身心健康,脉压差作为预测心血管疾病的指标近年来也颇受重视,研究结果显示：脉压差和冠心病的发病率呈显著正相关,脉压差升高是动脉硬化及心血管病高危的一个标志,它的作用大于舒张压甚至超过收缩压;提示：脉压差是心血管疾病的一个良好的预测因子,也是反映中老年人血管硬化的一个较好的指标。     

为什么到手的金牌会“飞走”：竞赛中 “Choking”现象

“Choking”定义为,习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象。其现象主要发生在比赛的关键时刻,或重大的赛事中。本文概述竞赛中的“Choking”现象及有关的定义,并进一步讨论有关的理论和研究中存在的问题。运动心理学家认为,“Choking”机制与运动焦虑有直接的联系。而社会心理学家认为,“Choking”的机制是,由于运动员有意识地控制运动过程,导致运动技术发生改变。理论上的分歧,使心理学家很难为运动员提出一个行之有效地预防“Choking”的方案。文章认为,当前的“Choking”理论过于简单地解释“Choking”现象,导致了实践中出现的矛盾。在综述这些问题的基础上,文章进一步讨论了一个“Choking”理论的“综合模式”。该理论模式强调多因素原则。在压力条件下,分析“Choking”机制应考虑任务特征和技术水平的因素。文章根据这一理论模式,建议运动员在比赛中,应分析具体情况,选择一个适合的应付压力的策略,是可以减少竞赛中“Choking”现象的。最后,文章建议了3个今后研究的方向。     

领导集权度与团队成员交换：任务互依性与团队绩效压力的调节作用

从情感互动视角出发,通过三个时间节点对72个团队的问卷调查,探讨了领导集权度对团队成员交换（TMX）及团队绩效的作用机制和边界条件。结果表明：任务互依性和团队绩效压力调节了领导集权度与TMX间的关系,即任务互依性或团队绩效压力越高,领导集权度与TMX之间的负向关系越弱,反之则越强。进一步分析显示,任务互依性和团队绩效压力调节了TMX在领导集权度和团队绩效间关系的中介作用,表现为被调节的中介作用模型。     

fNIRS在自闭症脑功能研究中的应用与展望

社会交往能力是人类生存的基本技能。社交能力的缺失会导致严重的行为障碍和精神疾病,如自闭症。由于自闭症儿童的特殊性,绝大多数的自闭症脑成像研究多集中在年龄较大的高功能自闭症儿童在静息态或简单的任务态下的脑激活模式或功能连接状态。自闭症的核心症状—社会交往障碍和语言交流障碍却较少有研究触及。近年来,近红外光学脑功能成像技术的发展为我们在真实的交流和互动中研究自闭症儿童的神经病理机制提供了新的工具和机遇。     

Stress Reactivity in Fire Fighters: An Exercise Intervention

This experiment was designed to investigate the efficacy of 16 weeks of exercise training as an intervention to reduce the psychophysiological response of fire fighters to psychological stress. Fifty-three members of the Austin Fire Department (AFD) were recruited as participants and were randomly assigned to either exercise on a rowing ergometer or to continue their present modes of exercise training. Psychological stress was induced by a computerized version of the AFD Strategy and Tactics Drill (STD), in which participants responded to a simulated fire scene. Participants completed the STD prior to and following the exercise intervention. Prior to training, the groups did not differ in their cardiovascular response to the STD. Significant group differences were observed after training, in which exercise-trained participants reacted with significantly lower pulse and mean arterial pressure than their counterparts in the control condition. Exercise participants also reported significantly less stress-related state anxiety and negative affect. Exercise training appears to be a useful intervention to reduce the response to fire-related psychological stress in fire fighters.     

Stop the clock because I can’t stop: time pressure,but not monitoring pressure,impairs response inhibition performance

ABSTRACT

Psychological pressure can exert detrimental effects on cognitive tasks that depend on attentional control. However, the effect of psychological pressure on inhibitory cognitive processes has been relatively overlooked. The study purpose was to examine the effect of psychological pressure on response inhibition. In Experiment 1, participants (N?=?125) were assigned to a combined time and performance-based incentive pressure condition or control condition. In Experiment 2, participants (N?=?124) were allocated to a time pressure only or control condition. Participants (N?=?149) in Experiment 3 were assigned to either an explicit monitoring pressure condition in which their performance was video-recorded or control condition. Participants in all experiments completed a Go/NoGo Task to assess response inhibition performance. Pressure impaired performance in Experiments 1 and 2 but not Experiment 3. The results demonstrate that time pressure, but not explicit monitoring pressure, significantly impairs inhibition accuracy. These findings are consistent with the distraction theory of performance pressure.     

主动性人格与大学生职业成熟度的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

为考察主动性人格、职业决策自我效能感、就业压力和职业成熟度之间的关系,采用主动性人格量表、职业成熟度量表等对713名大学生进行调查。结果显示：（1）职业决策自我效能感在主动性人格与职业成熟度之间起部分中介作用,主动性人格既能直接预测职业成熟度,也通过职业决策自我效能感间接预测职业成熟度;（2）职业决策自我效能感的中介作用受到就业压力的调节,就业压力调节了职业决策自我效能感与大学生职业成熟度之间的关系。     

Understanding the influence of literacy on consumer memory: The role of pictorial elements

This research examines the relationship between literacy and consumer memory. The effects of a variety of stimuli at exposure (i.e., brand names, brand signatures, and products in usage) on memory (i.e., recognition, stem-completion tasks) were examined for a range of literacy. In a series of experiments, we find that the use of pictorial representations of brands (i.e., brand signatures) results in superior brand memory for individuals with lower literacy levels when compared to those at higher literacy levels. This effect is shown to occur not due to pictorial elements per se, but due to pictorial elements with a 1-to-1 correspondence with reality, i.e., which match the form in which they were originally encoded in memory. Moreover, this effect does not persist with stimulus-rich pictures of brands in usage, pointing to boundary conditions with the use of pictorial information.