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271.
Kelly Manley Belva C. Collins Donald M. Stenhoff Harold Kleinert 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2008,17(3):221-236
Using the telephone to contact others can be an important skill in maintaining friendships with peers. This investigation
used a system of least prompts (SLP) procedures to teach two telephone skills to 3 elementary students with cognitive disabilities:
(a) placing phone calls and (b) leaving recorded voicemail messages. The SLP procedure was effective in teaching both skills
to all 3 students. Results for maintenance and generalization, however, were mixed.
This investigation was completed to partially satisfy the thesis requirement for a Master’s degree at the University of Kentucky. 相似文献
272.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of nail biting in 4 settings (interventions) designed to elicit the functions of nail biting and to compare the results with a self-report questionnaire about the functions of nail biting. DESIGN: Randomised allocation of participants to order of conditions. SETTING: University Psychology Department. SUBJECTS: Forty undergraduates who reported biting their nails. INTERVENTIONS: Left alone (boredom), solving maths problems (frustration), reprimanded for nail biting (contingent attention), continuous conversation (noncontingent attention). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of times the undergraduates bit their nails. RESULTS: Nail biting occurred most often in two conditions, boredom and frustration. CONCLUSION: Nail biting in young adults occurs as a result of boredom or working on difficult problems, which may reflect a particular emotional state. It occurs least often when people are engaged in social interaction or when they are reprimanded for the behavior. 相似文献
273.
Zoltán Kovács Ferenc Kovács Ákos Pap Pál Czobor 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(2):138-144
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by pancreatobiliary-type of pain
in the absence of organic abnormalities. The aim of this study was to investigate specific psychosocial predictors of functional
outcome in a group of patients consecutively referred to a gastroenterological department for biliary-type of pain. Based
on medical examination patients were divided into functional (SOD) and organic groups. Self-administered questionnaires regarding
demographic characteristics, psychological distress (Symptom Check-List-90–R, [SCL-90-R]), severity of acute and chronic stress,
level of subjective well-being and satisfaction with health were completed. The analyses were based on the logistic regression
approach. In this sample, SOD patients were older than organic patients and more likely female. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher acute
stress (i.e., main effect) was associated with a decreased likelihood of functional (SOD) outcome, whereas the combination
of acute stress with chronic stress and the combination of acute stress with higher severity of psychopathology (i.e., interaction
effect) was associated with an increased likelihood of functional (SOD) outcome. These findings suggest stressful life events
in combination with certain psychological symptoms can play a role in the symptom presentation of patients with sphincter
of Oddi dysfunction. 相似文献
274.
Arno G. Wouters 《Erkenntnis》2007,67(1):65-80
This paper is concerned with reasonings that purport to explain why certain organisms have certain traits by showing that
their actual design is better than contrasting designs. Biologists call such reasonings ‘functional explanations’. To avoid
confusion with other uses of that phrase, I call them ‘design explanations’. This paper discusses the structure of design
explanations and how they contribute to scientific understanding. Design explanations are contrastive and often compare real
organisms to hypothetical organisms that cannot possibly exist. They are not causal but appeal to functional dependencies
between an organism’s different traits. These explanations point out that because an organism has certain traits (e.g., it
lives on land), it cannot be alive if the trait to be explained (e.g., having lungs) were replaced by a specified alternative
(e.g., having gills). They can be understood from a mechanistic point of view as revealing the constraints on what mechanisms
can be alive.
相似文献
Arno G. WoutersEmail: |
275.
276.
Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is a sensory-emotional phenomenon in which specific sensory stimuli (“ASMR triggers”) reliably elicit feelings of relaxation and tingling sensations on the head, neck, and shoulders. However, there are individual differences in which stimuli elicit ASMR and in the intensity of these responses. In the current research, we used resting-state fMRI to examine the functional connectivity associated with these differences. Fifteen individuals with self-reported ASMR completed the ASMR Checklist, which measures sensitivity to different ASMR triggers, and a resting-state fMRI scan. Checklist scores were entered as covariates to determine whether the functional connectivity of eight resting-state networks differed as a function of participants’ sensitivity to five categories of triggers. The results indicated unique patterns of functional connectivity associated with sensitivity to each ASMR trigger category. Sensitivity to two trigger categories was positively correlated with the dorsal attention network, suggesting that ASMR may involve atypical attentional processing. 相似文献
277.
Emotion and pain are psychological constructs that have received extensive attention in neuropsychological research. However, neuropsychological models of emotional processing have made more progress in describing how brain regions interact to process emotion. Theories of emotional processing can describe inter-hemispheric and intra-hemispheric interactions during emotional processing. Due to similarities between emotion and pain, it is thought that emotional models can be applied to pain. The following review examines the neuropsychology of emotion and pain using a functional cerebral systems approach. Specific comparisons are made between pain and anger. Attention is given to differences in cerebral function and physiology that may contribute to the processing of emotion and pain. Suggestions for future research in emotion and pain are given. 相似文献
278.
The logic of the stimulus 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper examines the contribution of stimulus processing to animal logics. In the classic functionalist S-O-R view of learning (and cognition), stimuli provide the raw material to which the organism applies its cognitive processes–its logic, which may be taxon-specific. Stimuli may contribute to the logic of the organism's response, and may do so in taxon-specific ways. Firstly, any non-trivial stimulus has an internal organization that may constrain or bias the way that the organism addresses it; since stimuli can only be defined relative to the organism's perceptual apparatus, and this apparatus is taxon-specific, such constraints or biases will often be taxon-specific. Secondly, the representation of a stimulus that the perceptual system builds, and the analysis it makes of this representation, may provide a model for the synthesis and analysis done at a more cognitive level. Such a model is plausible for evolutionary reasons: perceptual analysis was probably perfected before cognitive analysis in the evolutionary history of the vertebrates. Like stimulus-driven analysis, such perceptually modelled cognition may be taxon-specific because of the taxon-specificity of the perceptual apparatus. However, it may also be the case that different taxa are able to free themselves from the stimulus logic, and therefore apply a more abstract logic, to different extents. This thesis is defended with reference to two examples of cases where animals' cognitive logic seems to be isomorphic with perceptual logic, specifically in the case of pigeons' attention to global and local information in visual stimuli, and dogs' failure to comprehend means-end relationships in string-pulling tasks.This contribution is part of the special issue “Animal Logics” (Watanabe and Huber 2006). 相似文献
279.
Virve Vuontela Ping Jiang Maksym Tokariev Petri Savolainen YuanYe Ma Eeva T. Aronen Tuija Fontell Tiina Liiri Matti Ahlström Oili Salonen Synnöve Carlson 《Brain and cognition》2013
Developmental studies have demonstrated that cognitive processes such as attention, suppression of interference and memory develop throughout childhood and adolescence. However, little is currently known about the development of top-down control mechanisms and their influence on cognitive performance. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate modulation of activity in the ventral visual cortex in healthy 7–11-year-old children and young adults. The participants performed tasks that required attention to either face (Fs task) or scene (Sf task) images while trying to ignore distracting scene or face images, respectively. A face-selective area in the fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area, FFA) and an area responding preferentially to scene images in the parahippocampal gyrus (parahippocampal place area, PPA) were defined using functional localizers. Children responded slower and less accurately in the tasks than adults. In children, the right FFA was less selective to face images and regulation of activity between the Fs and Sf tasks was weaker compared to adults. In the PPA, selectivity to scenes and regulation of activity, there according to the task demands were comparable between children and adults. During the tasks, children activated prefrontal cortical areas including the middle (MFG) and superior (SFG) frontal gyrus more than adults. Functional connectivity between the right FFA and left MFG was stronger in adults than children in the Fs task. Children, on the other hand, had stronger functional connectivity than adults in the Sf task between the right FFA and right PPA and between right MFG and medial SFG. There were no group differences in the functional connectivity between the PPA and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Together the results suggest that, in 7–11-year-old children, the FFA is still immature, whereas the selectivity to scenes and regulation of activity in the PPA is comparable to adults. The results also indicated functional immaturity of the PFC in children compared to adults and weaker connectivity between the PFC and the rFFA, explaining the weaker regulation of activity in the rFFA between the Fs and Sf tasks. 相似文献
280.
Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis Govinda R. Poudel Juan F. Domínguez D Rebecca Langmaid Marcus A. Gray Andrew Churchyard Phyllis Chua Beth Borowsky Gary F. Egan Julie C. Stout 《Brain and cognition》2013