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981.
情绪的神经心理学理论概述 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文主要论述了情绪神经心理学的有关理论。过去,人们认为情绪和认知分别由皮层下和皮层结构所控制,认知系统控制着情绪系统。现在,人们认为认知和情绪两个机能系统是相互联系的。情绪系统能快速、自动地加工有限数量的信息,认知系统则能有意识和有控制地分析信息。情绪是一个非同质的、多成分的、有等级组织的适应系统。大脑左、右半球在情绪表征和控制中具有不对称性,右半球主要控制自动的、自发的情绪,而左半球在概念水平上调节控制情绪。 相似文献
982.
Paul E. Engelhardt Joel T. Nigg Fernanda Ferreira 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2017,70(7):1263-1281
In the current study, we examined the role of intelligence and executive functions in the resolution of temporary syntactic ambiguity using an individual differences approach. Data were collected from 174 adolescents and adults who completed a battery of cognitive tests as well as a sentence comprehension task. The critical items for the comprehension task consisted of object/subject garden paths (e.g., While Anna dressed the baby that was small and cute played in the crib), and participants answered a comprehension question (e.g., Did Anna dress the baby?) following each one. Previous studies have shown that garden-path misinterpretations tend to persist into final interpretations. Results showed that both intelligence and processing speed interacted with ambiguity. Individuals with higher intelligence and faster processing were more likely to answer the comprehension questions correctly and, specifically, following ambiguous as opposed to unambiguous sentences. Inhibition produced a marginal effect, but the variance in inhibition was largely shared with intelligence. Conclusions focus on the role of individual differences in cognitive ability and their impact on syntactic ambiguity resolution. 相似文献
983.
984.
额叶参与对新异联系的启动效应——来自脑损伤病人的证据 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
对新异联系的启动效应是内隐记忆的一种形式,又称联想启动。采用知觉辨认任务,探讨额叶损伤与联想启动的关系。25例额叶损伤病人及18例匹配的正常被试参与实验。结果表明,额叶受损病人辨认旧词对与重组词对的正确率没有明显差别;而且,轻度记忆损伤的额叶病人再认成绩正常,但联想启动值低于对照组,内隐记忆和外显数、坚持性反应数和语词流畅性等有中度相关。这些结果提示,额叶不仅与情节记忆、工作记忆等外显记忆有关,也参与了以非相关词对为材料的联想启动。 相似文献
985.
Raha Hassan Kimberly L. Day Ryan J. Van Lieshout Louis A. Schmidt 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2019,180(1):62-74
Because shy children are at risk for poor academic achievement, it is important to examine factors that contribute to variability in the relation between individual differences in shyness and cognitive functioning before school entry. The authors examined whether on-task facilitative private speech—a proxy of self-regulation—moderated the association between individual differences in shyness and performance on an executive function (EF) task in 52 typically developing 4-year-olds. They found that private speech interacted with shyness to predict performance on the EF task in girls but not in boys. More specifically, shyness was inversely related to EF task performance when girls used low amounts of regulatory private speech, but was positively related to performance when girls used high amounts of regulatory private speech. These preliminary findings are discussed in the context of implications for shy children in educational settings. 相似文献
986.
Matthew R. Donati Akihiko Masuda L. Ward Schaefer Lindsey L. Cohen Erin B. Tone Dominic J. Parrott 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2019,112(3):225-241
The present study examined and compared the effects of 2 analogues of cognitive treatments—cognitive defusion and cognitive reappraisal—on symbolically generalized avoidance established using a basic behavioral laboratory paradigm. This back‐translation design contributes to the development and validation of principle‐based definitions of the applied constructs of defusion and reappraisal. Eighty‐eight participants first underwent basic laboratory procedures designed to establish symbolically generalized avoidance in response to an arbitrary stimulus (a nonsense word). Participants were then randomized to defusion, reappraisal, or control conditions. The response variables were (a) equivalence responding—indicative of the trained relational network and analogous to the cognitive content responsible for symbolic generalization—and (b) avoidance—the behavioral impact of symbolic generalization. A between‐groups analysis revealed that defusion and reappraisal significantly increased the odds of nonavoidance responding. Discrete‐time survival mediation analyses provided preliminary support for the classification of defusion as a functional context intervention and reappraisal as a relational context intervention. 相似文献
987.
Gaia de Campora Luciano Giromini Viviana Guerriero Carina Chiodo Giulio Cesare Zavattini Giovanni Larciprete 《Infant mental health journal》2019,40(6):862-873
Based on cross-sectional research linking poor reflective functionining (RF) to eating disorders, the current follow-up study tested whether maternal RF would explain the variance of mothers’ and children's weight beyond the effects of maternal emotional dysregulation. During pregnancy (Time 1 [T1]), 51 women were administered the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and interviewed using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Seven months after delivery (Time 2 [T2]), mother–baby dyads who remained in the study (n = 44) were videotaped (Feeding Scale) during their feeding interaction. Last (Time 3 [T3]), the weight of the 34 children who were still in the study was collected at 3 years of age. Maternal AAI-RF at T1 did not correlate with the DERS at T1 nor with the quality of the feeding interacions at T2. However, it correlated, significantly, with maternal body mass index (BMI) at T1, r = −.298, P = .034, and marginally significantly with baby's BMI at T3, r = −.296, P = .089. Moreover, multiple regression models showed a trend indicating that maternal AAI-RF might explain the variance of mothers’ and children's weight beyond the effects of maternal emotional dysregulation. These findings suggest that working on maternal mentalization might contribute to helping prevent childhood obesity from pregnancy. 相似文献
988.
Zameer Mohamed Alexandra C. S. Carlisle Alexandra C. Livesey 《Child neuropsychology》2019,25(5):648-663
Extant literature is sparse with regards to the relationship between caregiver reports and neuropsychological tests of executive functioning in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). The goal of this paper was determining the clinical utilities of executive functioning measures used in the United Kingdom national FASD clinic. We examined relationships between outcomes on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), as part of an ongoing service evaluation. Profiles of executive functioning measures were reported in order to contribute to delineating a profile of executive dysfunction in FASD. Caregivers of 49 people with FASD completed the Parent BRIEF, and 61 people with FASD were administered the D-KEFS. Pearson’s Correlations between all 11 BRIEF scales and the 18 selected D-KEFS subscales showed little relationship. The BRIEF showed a profile of clinically significant elevations in all three Index scores and seven out of the eight Scale scores. Several D-KEFS tests showed below average executive functioning. Both executive function measures have separate clinical utility in demonstrating executive function deficits in FASD. The sample population used in this study also show a similar pattern to FASD populations internationally, suggesting a similar neuropsychological profile is seen in the United Kingdom. However, caregiver reports display little relationship to neuropsychological tests. These measures likely monitor different aspects of executive functioning in different settings. Future research should focus on identifying tests that better relate findings from clinical settings to behavior in daily life. 相似文献
989.
Tracey Fay-Stammbach 《Child neuropsychology》2019,25(6):721-741
Despite the well-documented impact of early maltreatment on children’s executive function (EF), there has been limited consensus about how to best assess this neurocognitive domain in high-risk, vulnerable preschool-aged children. Relevant studies have generally utilized either performance-based tests or caregiver ratings of EF, yet multi-method research has been rare. This study examined the EF profiles of preschoolers exposed to maltreatment, as indexed by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive function – Preschool Version (BRIEF-P), and investigated associations between caregiver ratings and performance-based measures (Happy–Sad Stroop, Tapping Test, and Dimensional Change Card Sort – DCCS) of EF in this population. Maltreatment status was further tested as a moderator of associations between these measures. Participants were (n = 107) children aged 4–5 years (M = 4.75; SD = 0.57; 39% female), with various levels of exposure to maltreatment. Children exposed to maltreatment were found to exhibit significantly more caregiver-rated deficits in EF than non-maltreated children, with greater fluctuations apparent across all scales of the BRIEF-P. Consistent with previous research in neurologically impaired children, there were only limited and weak to moderate correlations between BRIEF-P scales and performance-based measures of EF. Furthermore, maltreatment status was found to moderate the association between scores on the BRIEF-P Inhibit Scale and the DCCS, such that the association between these indices was weaker among children exposed to higher levels of maltreatment. 相似文献
990.
执行功能是对目标指向活动进行信息整合和控制调节的一系列认知能力,在学前期发展迅速。研究使用执行功能任务组软件考察了210名3~6岁儿童(6组,组间年龄跨度6个月)执行功能各子成分(工作记忆、抑制控制和认知灵活性)的发展特征。结果表明:(1)随年龄增长,3~6岁儿童执行功能呈上升趋势发展,4岁左右为抑制控制与认知灵活性的高速发展期;(2)执行功能各子成分发展不同步,抑制控制最快,工作记忆最慢;(3)各子成分间呈中度正相关。结论:3~6岁执行功能能力发展迅速,但各子成分的发展进程并不一致;幼儿阶段执行功能测试的年龄分组最好精确到6个月。 相似文献