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641.
In a series of three experiments, encoding distinctiveness in a release from proactive inhibition paradigm was investigated as a function of dogmatism. Significant differences in release from proactive inhibition between high and low dogmatic individuals were found for shifts within meaning dimensions (from one end of a dimension to the other end) but not for shifts between different dimensions of meaning. The results were discussed in terms of the emphasis on belief vs. disbelief systems in dogmatism, motivational processes in cognition, and recent work on individual differences in social cognition. 相似文献
642.
Lene Sjrup 《Dialog》2002,41(1):16-25
Many researchers interpret Pentecostalism in terms of external factors such as European and North American history or economics. In this article Pentecostalism is examined from below, through qualitative interviews with women living in poverty in Santiago, Chile. The analysis shows how Pentecostalism led to a new theology where the believer became the subject of her own life. Social ascent was made through ecstatic experiences of the spirit in a caring community which directed the individual towards “a female ethos.” This subjective change affected social changes in Chile under dictatorship but not in state politics because parts of the Pentecostal hierarchy collaborated with Pinochet. 相似文献
643.
644.
TOMOKO IMURA MASAKI TOMONAGA MASAMI K. YAMAGUCHI AKIHIRO YAGI 《The Japanese psychological research》2008,50(3):128-136
Abstract: We investigated 3‐ and 4‐month‐old infants’ sensitivity to differences defined by shading using a paired‐comparison familiarity/novelty preference procedure. Infants were familiarized with a pair of displays consisting of homogeneous shaded disks, and then were tested with two displays: the familiar display and a novel one containing shaded disks with reversed polarity (defined as the target). Experiment 1 examined two assumptions on discerning shapes from shading in infants by manipulating the orientations in the shading gradient of stimuli. When the orientation of the shading gradient was vertical, 4‐month‐old infants looked at the novel display for a longer time during the test trial. However, they failed to detect differences when the orientation of shading gradients was horizontal. Three‐month‐old infants did not detect differences in either orientation of the shading gradient. Experiment 2 examined asymmetry in the detection of convex versus concave shapes. Four‐month‐old infants failed to detect the target when the orientation of the shading grating was vertical and the target was convex. Taken with the results of Experiment 1, concave shapes were much easier to detect than convex shapes for 4‐month‐olds. This asymmetry suggests that 4‐month‐old infants process shading information in the same manner as adults. 相似文献
645.
We argue for a naturalistic account for appraising scientific methods that carries non-trivial normative force. We develop
our approach by comparison with Laudan’s (American Philosophical Quarterly 24:19–31, 1987, Philosophy of Science 57:20–33,
1990) “normative naturalism” based on correlating means (various scientific methods) with ends (e.g., reliability). We argue
that such a meta-methodology based on means–ends correlations is unreliable and cannot achieve its normative goals. We suggest
another approach for meta-methodology based on a conglomeration of tools and strategies (from statistical modeling, experimental
design, and related fields) that affords forward looking procedures for learning from error and for controlling error. The
resulting “error statistical” appraisal is empirical—methods are appraised by examining their capacities to control error.
At the same time, this account is normative, in that the strategies that pass muster are claims about how actually to proceed
in given contexts to reach reliable inferences from limited data. 相似文献
646.
Daniel Guevara 《Synthese》2008,164(1):45-60
Various formally valid counterexamples have been adduced against the Humean dictum that one cannot derive an “ought” from
an “is.” There are formal rebuttals—some very sophisticated now (e.g., Charles R. Pigden’s and Gerhard Schurz’s)—to such counterexamples.
But what follows is an intuitive and informal argument against them. I maintain that it is better than these sophisticated
formal defenses of the Humean dictum and that it also helps us see why it implausible to think that we can be as decisive
about the truth or falsity of the dictum as both the formal counterexamples or formal barriers to them purport to be. 相似文献
647.
Ira Newman 《Philosophia》2008,36(1):43-54
Philosophers have often applied a distinctively epistemic framework to the question of how moral knowledge can be derived
from fictional literature, by considering how true propositions, or their argumentative support, can be the cognitive fruits
of reading works of fiction. I offer an alternative approach. I focus not on whether readers fail to assent to the truth of
a proposition or fail to provide it rational support. Instead, I focus on how readers fail to accord a truth (which they already
accept) adequate importance in their web of beliefs about living a good human life. This is a form of ignorance, but in the
form of neglect, or failure to pay proper regard – which is one sense of the term ‘forgetfulness’. I argue that works of fictional
literature may, at times, stimulate audience members to overcome their own particular forms of forgetfulness in this respect.
And I use Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich as a case in point.
相似文献
Ira NewmanEmail: |
648.
Fischer’s Way: The Next Level 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Saul Smilansky 《The Journal of Ethics》2008,12(2):147-155
I present an analogy between analytic philosophy and a particular sort of computer game, and analyze some aspects of John
Martin Fischer's My Way in the light of this analogy. I set out the different levels of the free will question, and explore how well Fischer does
on them. On the compatibility level, he succeeds, in my view, in confronting the "metaphysical challenge" and the "manipulation
challenge", but does less well with the "moral arbitrariness challenge". The compatibilist perspective captures only part
of the moral and personal truth on the compatibility issue, and is shown to be inherently shallow. On the next levels we see
that Fischer confronts particular dangers: the very virtues that make his minimalist position so resilient on the second (compatibility)
level, render it too impoverished when it comes to the third, which asks about the very importance of taking moral responsibility
seriously. Connecting to other positions (such as P.F. Strawson's version of naturalism) may be an imperative, but would also
be risky. Likewise, on the fourth level, where we confront the difficulty of deciding how to deal with the previous conclusions,
it is doubtful how well Fischer can do, given his previous philosophical commitments.
相似文献
Saul SmilanskyEmail: |
649.
Herbert Fingarette 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2008,27(1):1-5
In everyday language, the central question raised by “free choice” is not causation but whether I do what I want. We can,
however, grant that our wants are caused. We commonly fail to appreciate this because there is no consciousness of these causal
processes. Nevertheless a question about the causation of my want may on occasion become relevant to the freedom of my choice.
Thus one may ask if my want is caused by my knowledge and values, or by causes alien to these. This is not a question about
the truth, or implications, of the theory of universal determinism. 相似文献
650.