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21.
Most studies of spatial memory in primates focus on species that inhabit large home ranges and have dispersed, patchy resources.
Researchers assume that primates use memory to minimize distances traveled between resources. We investigated the use of spatial
memory in a group of six white-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) on 12.8-ha Round Island, Guri Lake, Venezuela during a period of fruit abundance. The sakis’ movements were analyzed with
logistic regressions, a predictive computer model and a computer model that simulates movements. We considered all the resources available to the sakis and compared observed distances to predicted distances from a computer
model for foragers who know nothing about the location of resources. Surprisingly, the observed distances were four times
greater than the predicted distances, suggesting that the sakis passed by a majority of the available fruit trees without
feeding. The odds of visiting a food tree, however, were significantly increased if the tree had been visited in the previous
3 days and had more than 100 fruit. The sakis’ preferred resources were highly productive fruit trees, Capparis trees, and trees with water holes. They traveled efficiently to these sites. The sakis choice of feeding sites indicate that
they combined knowledge acquired by repeatedly traveling through their home range with ‘what’ and ‘where’ information gained
from individual visits to resources. Although the sakis’ foraging choices increased the distance they traveled overall, choosing
more valued sites allowed the group to minimize intragroup feeding competition, maintain intergroup dominance over important
resources, and monitor the state of resources throughout their home range. The sakis’ foraging decisions appear to have used
spatial memory, elements of episodic-like memory and social and nutritional considerations.
This contribution is part of the Special Issue “A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007). 相似文献
22.
The capacity for non-linguistic, numerical discrimination has been well characterized in non-human animals, with recent studies
providing careful controls for non-numerical confounds such as continuous extent, density, and quantity. More poorly understood
are the conditions under which animals use numerical versus non-numerical quantification, and the nature of the relation between
these two systems. Here we test whether cotton-top tamarins and common marmosets can discriminate between two quantities on
the basis of the amount of food rather than on number. In three experiments, we show that when choosing between arrays containing
different numbers and sizes of food objects, both species based their decisions on the amount of food with only minor influences
of numerical information. Further, we find that subjects successfully discriminated between two quantities differing by a
2:3 or greater ratio, which is consistent with the ratio limits found for numerical discrimination with this species. These
studies demonstrate that non-human primates possess mechanisms that enable quantification of total amount, in addition to
the numerical representations demonstrated in previous studies, with both types of quantification subject to similar processing
limits. 相似文献
23.
Recent studies of semantic memory have investigated two theories of optimal search adopted from the animal foraging literature: Lévy flights and marginal value theorem. Each theory makes different simplifying assumptions and addresses different findings in search behaviors. In this study, an experiment is conducted to test whether clustering in semantic memory may play a role in evidence for both theories. Labeled magnets and a whiteboard were used to elicit spatial representations of semantic knowledge about animals. Category recall sequences from a separate experiment were used to trace search paths over the spatial representations of animal knowledge. Results showed that spatial distances between animal names arranged on the whiteboard were correlated with inter‐response intervals (IRIs) during category recall, and distributions of both dependent measures approximated inverse power laws associated with Lévy flights. In addition, IRIs were relatively shorter when paths first entered animal clusters, and longer when they exited clusters, which is consistent with marginal value theorem. In conclusion, area‐restricted searches over clustered semantic spaces may account for two different patterns of results interpreted as supporting two different theories of optimal memory foraging. 相似文献