分配制度公平对员工分配公平感的影响:中国组织情境下的实证研究*

西方组织公平领域的主流观点认为要想提高员工的分配公平感,应着力提高分配过程的公平性以及上下级互动的公平性,即程序公平和互动公平。本研究发现:在中国组织情境下,较之程序公平和互动公平(人际公平、信息公平),分配制度公平对员工分配公平感的解释力最强;在分配制度不公平的情境下,程序公平和人际公平才会影响分配公平感,仅仅起到亡羊补牢的作用。     

Losing to Terrorism: An American Work in Progress

Abstract: The evolution of the U.S. war on terrorism is on a path that poses a substantial probability of losing to it, although not necessarily of a victory by its declared targets. That conclusion follows from the definition presented of terrorism and thus central questions about the merits of responses justified by an objective of reducing it. Likely American responses to 9/11 are suggested by a review of well‐known policy‐making tendencies from past scholarship and experience, tendencies well‐established prior to 9/11 and by no means unique to the Bush II presidency. The expectations those tendencies suggest have been born out by what the United States has done and not done. Well‐established criteria and their implied rules of practice for security enhancing great‐power statecraft are presented, and the chosen U.S. program of action is found to be counter‐productive in their light.     

Preference‐based segmentation: a study of meal preferences among Norwegian teenagers

The primary goal of this study was to examine the applicability of preference‐based segmentation for a broad array of meals in the context of teenagers. A representative sample of 1,168 Norwegian schoolchildren provided an evaluation of 20 common dinner meals in terms of preference (liking). Cluster analysis was used to establish four distinct preference‐based food segments. These four segments were termed Food Lovers, Fish Haters, Fish Lovers and Dislikers. The relationship between these four preference‐based segments and demographic, consumption, attitude and lifestyle variables was finally modelled using a multinomial logit analysis. The results highlight the fact that social and family‐related attitude and lifestyle variables have a greater ability to profile the segments and explain segment membership than demographic variables. The findings indicate that there are distinct and interesting differences between these segments. The findings have some implications for marketers within the industry in terms of effectively targeting the different market segments. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications Ltd.     

Sensory modality and stimulus control in the pigeon: Cross-species generality of single-incentive selective-association effects

In earlier studies with rats, the effectiveness of the auditory element of a tone–light discriminative stimulus was enhanced when the conditioned incentive value of the compound was negative rather than positive. The present experiment systematically replicated these results in pigeons trained to press a treadle in the presence of a tone–light compound under food-reinforcement or shock-avoidance schedules. Positive incentive value was conditioned to the compound by associating it with either food or relative safety from shock. The compound was made negative in other groups by associating it with shock or the absence of food. When tone and light were presented separately following this training, control by the auditory element was significantly enhanced in the conditions designed to make the compound negative rather than positive. The similarity of this constraint on learning in rats and pigeons suggests that it involves a fundamental attentional and incentive-motivational process with widespread species generality.     

Development of co-feeding behavior in young wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)

This study describes the developmental course of the social context of feeding behavior in infants and yearlings of Japanese macaques in a provisioned free-ranging troop. Results of this longitudinal study revealed that infants and yearlings exhibited synchronous feeding behavior in the majority of cases in which they had feeding neighbors within 1 m. They consistently showed feeding behavior more often when their closest neighbor fed than when they did not. In feeding situations, infants tended mainly to be in close proximity with their mothers in the early stages of life and, later, also with peers. The results imply that potential opportunities for the social transmission of food selection habits are available for young Japanese macaques in the wild.     

生命科学家的社会伦理责任

生命科学的发展导致了复杂的伦理道德问题,对传统的社会道德观念形成了强烈的冲击.为了最大限度地避免和消除生命科学技术的负面效应,必须制定相应的科技政策和强有力的社会伦理道德规范来约束生命科学家的行为,增强生命科学家的社会责任感,使生命科学更好地为人类造福.     

临床决策与卫生政策

从讨论趋利性临床决策与泛企业化卫生政策的共同作用是造成我国医改失败的根本原因入手,在对3个典型案例进行深入剖析的基础上,论证了临床决策和卫生政策相互依存、相互作用的基本关系;研究了临床决策与卫生政策的决策主体、影响因素、决策过程、信息反馈、关系调整的循环路径;认为完善决策机制是保证临床决策和卫生政策正确有效的必要条件,提出了进一步完善临床决策和卫生政策的决策机制的具体意见和建议。     

The Problem of Integrating Behavioral Health in the Medical Home and the Questions It Leads to

Psychology and other behavioral health professions have amassed a broad empirical and clinical literature suggesting many medical presentations are best responded to with the addition of evidence based behavioral interventions. Despite this, psychology has not achieved a regular presence as part of medical practice. We suggest specific reasons for the current state of affairs including clinical, operational, societal labels, financial and training dimensions. Medical, psychological, administrative, and financial perspectives are reviewed. If the goals of health care system reform are to be reached then we must identify and challenge the current limitations of health care. This paper will identify the elements that need to be changed in order for psychology to be integrated into medicine rather than excluded from its policy, planning and operations.     

Political mindset: Effects of schema priming on liberal-conservative political positions

Although stable factors play an important role in determining people’s political positions, most Americans also hold a mix of values and beliefs some congruent with political conservatism and some congruent with political liberalism. To investigate this more dynamic component of political thinking, two studies manipulated the relative salience of schemas about personal merit vs. good fortune as explanations for success in life. In Study 1, students at a highly selective university were asked to explain their academic success focusing either on the role of hard work, self-discipline and wise decision-making (Personal Merit condition) or that of chance, opportunity, and help from others (Good Fortune condition). In Study 2, personal merit vs. good fortune was primed through prior exposure to relevant questionnaire items. In both studies, participants in the Good Fortune condition subsequently indicated more support for liberal policies than did those in the Personal Merit condition.