The authors investigated and compared the energy expenditure and postural coordination of two groups of healthy subjects on a mechanical horse at 4 increasing oscillation frequencies. Energy expenditure was assessed from the oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, and heart rate values, and postural coordination was characterized by relative phase computations between subjects (elbow, head, trunk) and horse. The results showed that the postural coordination of the riders was better adapted (i.e., maintenance of in-phase and antiphase) than that of the nonriders, but the energy expenditure remains the same. Likewise, we observed an energy system shifting only for nonriders (from aerobic to lactic anaerobic mode). Finally, cross-correlations showed a link between energy expenditure and postural coordination in the riders (i.e., effectiveness). 相似文献
Background: Recognizing that alcohol might affect subsequent processing of trauma-related information, this study examined whether high dose alcohol consumption (HDAC) following a campus mass shooting affected the relation between shooting exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS).Methods: Female participants (N?=?691) recorded levels of physical exposure to the shooting event, alcohol use, and PTSS 1 month following the shooting event and 8 months later.Results: No evidence was found to suggest that pre-shooting HDAC moderated the relationship between trauma exposure and PTSS 1 month following the shooting. HDAC in the month following the shooting predicted less resolution of PTSS 8 months later. Specifically, at higher (but not lower) levels of HDAC, shooting exposure was associated with less reduction in PTSS from 1 to 8 months post-trauma. Several alternate explanations were ruled out.Conclusions: Less reduction in PTSS seems to occur at high levels of both shooting exposure and HDAC. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
This study investigates the influence of owners on their dogs’ performance in a food choice task using either different or
equal quantities of food. Fifty-four pet dogs were tested in three different conditions. In Condition 1 we evaluated their
ability to choose between a large and small amount of food (quantity discrimination task). In Condition 2 dogs were again
presented with a choice between the large and small food quantity, but only after having witnessed their owner favouring the
small quantity. In Condition 3 dogs were given a choice between two equally small quantities of food having witnessed their
owner favouring either one or the other. A strong effect of the owner on the dogs’ performance was observed. In Condition
1 dogs as a group chose significantly more often the large food quantity, thus showing their ability to solve the quantity
discrimination task. After observing their owner expressing a preference for the small food quantity they chose the large
quantity of food significantly less than in the independent choice situation. The tendency to conform to the owner’s choice
was higher when the dogs had to choose between equally small quantities of food (Condition 3) rather than between a large
and a small one (Condition 2). These results provide evidence that dogs can be influenced by their owners even when their
indications are clearly in contrast with direct perceptual information, thus leading dogs to ultimately make counterproductive
choices. 相似文献
To cope with environmental variability, animals should gather and use information to reduce uncertainty. In insect parasitoids, associative learning has been widely documented in the context of host foraging. However, despite its potential adaptive value, the insect food searching strategy and cues used to search are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the ability of hymenopteran Venturia canescens females to associate food to a visual cue. To broaden the scope of our results, experiments were performed with both arrhenotokous (sexual) and thelytokous (asexual) individuals. The wasps showed innate attraction for yellow and orange stimuli when presented versus blue stimuli. When trained to associate a food reward with one of the attractive colours (orange), they significantly moved from a distance towards the colour previously associated with food. The choice of the innately preferred colour (yellow) was not modified by associative learning. In the context of food foraging, this study is the first to show associative learning using visual stimuli in a parasitoid and active choice of this colour. This ability gives new insights concerning potential food sources for V. canescens in the field, since flowers are sugar sources, which emit colour signals. 相似文献
This study examined autonomy, anxiety, depression, and perceptions of parental behavior in 86 food allergic young adults and
344 healthy young adults between the ages of 18 and 22. Participants completed an online survey measuring self-reported autonomy,
anxiety, depression, and perceptions of parental behavior. Results indicated that, as a group, food allergic young adults
did not differ from healthy peers. However, food allergic young adults who reported having experienced an anaphylactic reaction
described their disease as more severe, reported more worry about their disease, and rated their parents as more overprotective
than food allergic young adults who reported never having experienced anaphylaxis. The experience of anaphylaxis may be a
reliable indicator of food allergic individuals who are at risk for psychological distress.
A portion of this research was presented at the National Conference on Child Health Psychology in Miami, Fl in April, 2008. 相似文献
People's threat perceptions play a role in influencing foreign policies towards perceived adversary countries. Earlier research has identified multiple components shaping mass-level threat perceptions including military power, adversary country's perceived intentions, and national identities. On the individual level, education, use of media, and interest in politics have been shown to influence threat perceptions. However, most studies on perceptions of security threats fail to include both contextual and individual-level explanatory factors and to consider that different national threats may be constructed differently. This research bridges formation of threat perceptions on the individual level to wider societal processes and provides an empirical perspective to understanding threat perceptions among the educated section of the Chinese population. To analyze threat perceptions, students from leading Chinese universities (N = 771) took part in a survey in the autumn of 2011 and spring of 2012. Respondents who followed conventional media were more likely to perceive both the United States and Japan as threatening, and the effect of media consumption was particularly strong with regards to perceived threat from Japan. In addition, each threat perception was significantly associated with threat-specific explanatory factors. Potential explanatory factors of threat perceptions were explored with linear regression models. 相似文献
Objective: The current study aimed to examine the effects of approach bias for unhealthy food and trait eating style on consumption of unhealthy food in overweight and normal weight individuals.
Method: Participants were 245 undergraduate women aged 17 – 26 years. They completed an Approach–Avoidance Task, the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (to assess restrained, emotional, and external eating), and a taste test to measure consumption of unhealthy food.
Results: An external eating style predicted increased consumption of unhealthy food. Among overweight participants, external and emotional eating style individually moderated the relationship between approach bias for unhealthy food and subsequent consumption. Specifically, approach bias was positively related to consumption in high external and emotional eaters, but negatively related to consumption in low emotional eaters. These interactions were not observed among normal weight participants.
Conclusion: Practically, the results suggest that overweight individuals who are external or emotional eaters may benefit from interventions that aim to modify approach bias towards unhealthy food cues to reduce problematic eating behaviour. 相似文献