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31.
Joe Milburn 《Metaphilosophy》2014,45(4-5):578-593
In recent years, philosophers have tended to think of luck as being a relation between an event (taken in the broadest sense of the term) and a subject; to give an account of luck is to fill in the right‐hand side of the following biconditional: an event e is lucky for a subject S if and only if ____. We can call such accounts of luck subject‐relative accounts of luck, since they attempt to spell out what it is for an event to be lucky relative to a subject. This essay argues that we should understand subject‐relative luck as a secondary phenomenon. What is of philosophical interest is giving an account of subject‐involving luck, i.e., filling in the right‐hand side of this biconditional: it is a matter of luck that S ?s iff ____. The essay argues that one of the upshots of focusing on subject‐involving luck is that lack of control accounts of luck (LCALs) become more attractive. In particular, a range of counterexamples to LCALs of subject‐relative luck do not apply to LCALs of subject‐involving luck. 相似文献
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John C. Wright Valerie Binney Jane Kunkler 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1994,4(2):77-89
This paper describes levels of psychological distress and accounts of disaster among the local host community following the Hillsborough Football Stadium disaster. Thirty-two participants were interviewed 4–6 months after the event. Rates of psychological distress symptoms were high in the sample as measured by PTSD (DSM III criteria), Impact of Events Scale (IES) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The study also explores the relationships between levels of exposure, levels of distress and participants' accounts of the disaster. Implications for community outreach projects after disasters are discussed. 相似文献
34.
Philosophers are interested in the phenomenon of thought insertion because it challenges the common assumption that one can
ascribe to oneself the thoughts that one can access first-personally. In the standard philosophical analysis of thought insertion,
the subject owns the ‘inserted’ thought but lacks a sense of agency towards it. In this paper we want to provide an alternative
analysis of the condition, according to which subjects typically lack both ownership and authorship of the ‘inserted’ thoughts.
We argue that by appealing to a failure of ownership and authorship we can describe more accurately the phenomenology of thought
insertion, and distinguish it from that of non-delusional beliefs that have not been deliberated about, and of other delusions
of passivity. We can also start developing a more psychologically realistic account of the relation between intentionality,
rationality and self knowledge in normal and abnormal cognition.
相似文献
Matthew BroomeEmail: |
35.
Joseph K. Schear 《Philosophical Studies》2009,144(1):95-105
Does all conscious experience essentially involve self-consciousness? In his Subjectivity and Selfhood: Investigating the First-Person, Dan Zahavi answers “yes”. I criticize three core arguments offered in support of this answer—a well-known regress argument, what I call the “interview argument,” and a phenomenological argument. Drawing on Sartre, I introduce a phenomenological contrast between plain experience and self-conscious experience. The contrast challenges the thesis that conscious experience entails self-consciousness. 相似文献
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Tyler Hildebrand 《Ratio》2019,32(3):163-172
According to best systems accounts, laws of nature are generalizations in the best systematization of particular matters of fact. Metrics such as simplicity and strength determine which systematization is best, but these are notoriously language relative. For this reason, David Lewis proposed a constraint on languages of inquiry: all predicates must be natural. This constraint is sometimes interpreted as requiring us to know which natural properties are instantiated in our world prior to scientific theorizing. I argue that this interpretation is incorrect. I provide a better interpretation and show how it undercuts an influential epistemological objection to Lewis's best systems account of laws due to Bas van Fraassen. 相似文献
38.
This study focused on variables that may account for response-rate differences under variable-ratio (VR) and variable-interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement. Four rats were exposed to VR, VI, tandem VI differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate, regulated-probability-interval, and negative-feedback schedules of reinforcement that provided the same rate of reinforcement. Response rates were higher under the VR schedule than the VI schedule, and the rates on all other schedules approximated those under the VR schedule. The median reinforced interresponse time (IRT) under the VI schedule was longer than for the other schedules. Thus, differences in reinforced IRTs correlated with differences in response rate, an outcome suggestive of the molecular control of response rate. This conclusion was complemented by the additional finding that the differences in molar reinforcement-feedback functions had little discernible impact on responding. 相似文献
39.
Michal Soffer Katherine E. McDonald Peter Blanck 《American journal of community psychology》2010,46(3-4):376-385
Adults with disabilities disproportionally experience poverty. We examine one novel strategy to promote economic well-being among adults with disabilities living in or near poverty, namely Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). IDAs are designed to help individuals save money and subsequently accumulate assets. Although adults with disabilities account for the majority of IDA participants, scant attention has been paid to their IDA saving performance. We describe the significance of accumulating assets, particularly as it relates to adults with disabilities. We then map the nature of IDA programs and analyze barriers to participation in IDAs and asset accumulation related to conflicting federal policies and a lack of sensitivity to disability-specific needs. We conclude by offering policy recommendations from our analysis, including the need to eliminate the means-tests used in welfare policies, de-linking participation in IDAs from employment status, and involving people with disabilities in designing and evaluating asset accumulation policies and programs. 相似文献
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John J. Furedy Ph.D. Boris Damke Wolfram Boucsein 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2000,35(1):17-34
Numerous studies have indicated that, consistent with current “cognitive” accounts of information processing, human Pavlovian
autonomic discrimination acquisition cannot occur without awareness of the CS-US relationship. However, extinction studies
have suggested that awareness is not necessary, findings that, in information-processing terms, have been explained by assuming
that the processing by the extinction stage is parallel (automatic) rather than serial (controlled). This explanation was
tested in an 80-subject study. The first, acquisition phase was a standard semantic differential conditioning arrangement
with a 96-db white noise as US, and a “long” CS-US interval of 8 s, with ten trials each of CS+ (paired with US) and CS− (unpaired)
trials. In extinction (USs omitted), in order to obtain non-autonomic indices of processing and thereby test the information-processing
account of “unaware” autonomic conditioning during extinction, a dichotic listening task was implemented, with the CSs presented
in the unattended channel (ear), while the subject had to perform a semantic differential reaction task in an attended-to
channel (other ear). In early extinction, the electrodermal response occurring at an interval of 9–15 s after CS onset (i.e.,
following placement of the US during acquisition) and the finger-pulse-volume response occurring at an interval of 4–11 s
after CS onset both showed reliable conditioning, but reaction-time and subjective-report data for the recognized critical
words indicated serial rather than parallel processing of the CSs during extinction. 相似文献