Defective number module or impaired access? Numerical magnitude processing in first graders with mathematical difficulties

This study examined numerical magnitude processing in first graders with severe and mild forms of mathematical difficulties, children with mathematics learning disabilities (MLD) and children with low achievement (LA) in mathematics, respectively. In total, 20 children with MLD, 21 children with LA, and 41 regular achievers completed a numerical magnitude comparison task and an approximate addition task, which were presented in a symbolic and a nonsymbolic (dot arrays) format. Children with MLD and LA were impaired on tasks that involved the access of numerical magnitude information from symbolic representations, with the LA children showing a less severe performance pattern than children with MLD. They showed no deficits in accessing magnitude from underlying nonsymbolic magnitude representations. Our findings indicate that this performance pattern occurs in children from first grade onward and generalizes beyond numerical magnitude comparison tasks. These findings shed light on the types of intervention that may help children who struggle with learning mathematics.     

中小学生考试成败归因的研究

从小三、初二、高二随机选择有效被试４１０名,探讨了中小学生对考试结果的归因、期望和情感反应的特点。结果发现：（１）中小学生对考试成败原因有不同的认知,年级差异显著,性别差异不显著。（２）失败后的期望显著地高于成功情境,且极显著地认为失败的结果能改变。（３）成功后学生主要产生了感激、自豪与欣慰,失败后主要产生了内疚;成功后的情感反应更强烈。     

抗生素过度使用的成因与对策

抗生素过度使用是一个全球性的医学、社会和公共卫生问题,成因复杂,包括医学本身的局限、缺欠,医生的水平和素质,患者和公众的态度,医疗机构和社会的问题等,从根本上解决这个问题,是一项涉及全社会的、从医学、法律、等诸多方面共同协作努力的系统工程,任重而道远。     

Lexical orthographic knowledge develops from the beginning of literacy acquisition

This study reports two experiments assessing the spelling performance of French first graders after 3 months and after 9 months of literacy instruction. The participants were asked to spell high and low frequency irregular words (Experiment 1) and pseudowords, some of which had lexical neighbours (Experiment 2). The lexical database which children had been exposed to was strictly controlled. Both a frequency effect in word spelling accuracy and an analogy effect in pseudoword spelling were obtained after only 3 months of reading instruction. The results suggest that children establish specific orthographic knowledge from the very beginning of literacy acquisition.     

Cognitive control of language production in bilinguals involves a partly independent process within the domain-general cognitive control network: evidence from task-switching and electrical brain activity

In highly proficient, early bilinguals, behavioural studies of the cost of switching language or task suggest qualitative differences between language control and domain-general cognitive control. By contrast, several neuroimaging studies have shown an overlap of the brain areas involved in language control and domain-general cognitive control. The current study measured both behavioural responses and event-related potentials (ERPs) from bilinguals who performed picture naming in single- or mixed-language contexts, as well as an alphanumeric categorisation task in single- or mixed-task context. Analysis of switch costs during the mixed-context conditions showed qualitative differences between language control and domain-general cognitive control. A 2 × 2 ANOVA of the ERPs, with domain (linguistic, alphanumeric) and context (single, mixed) as within-participant factors, revealed a significant interaction, which also suggests a partly independent language-control mechanism. Source estimations revealed the neural basis of this mechanism to be in bilateral frontal-temporal areas.     

国内外职业承诺研究述评

从职业与事业的区别入手,对国内外职业承诺的概念、常用的几种职业承诺量表、职业承诺形成过程以及相关模型、前因与后果变量等方面的已有研究进行回顾和分析。研究发现,职业承诺与一些重要的效果变量有比较显著的关系,如职业满意度、工作投入、工作绩效等。文章最后指出了目前存在的问题及今后努力研究的方向,如现有的职业承诺概念比较凌乱,测量工具虽然多数是参照国外的重新编制,但其适用范围比较狭窄,因此需要对职业承诺的概念进行重新整合,职业承诺量表也需要对其在信效度指标上进行深入探索     

The acquisition of allophonic rules: statistical learning with linguistic constraints

Phonological rules relate surface phonetic word forms to abstract underlying forms that are stored in the lexicon. Infants must thus acquire these rules in order to infer the abstract representation of words. We implement a statistical learning algorithm for the acquisition of one type of rule, namely allophony, which introduces context-sensitive phonetic variants of phonemes. This algorithm is based on the observation that different realizations of a single phoneme typically do not appear in the same contexts (ideally, they have complementary distributions). In particular, it measures the discrepancies in context probabilities for each pair of phonetic segments. In Experiment 1, we test the algorithm's performances on a pseudo-language and show that it is robust to statistical noise due to sampling and coding errors, and to non-systematic rule application. In Experiment 2, we show that a natural corpus of semiphonetically transcribed child-directed speech in French presents a very large number of near-complementary distributions that do not correspond to existing allophonic rules. These spurious allophonic rules can be eliminated by a linguistically motivated filtering mechanism based on a phonetic representation of segments. We discuss the role of a priori linguistic knowledge in the statistical learning of phonology.     

The sensory‐cognition association in adulthood: Different magnitudes for processing speed,inhibition, episodic memory,and false memory?

One hundred and forty-six participants (age range = 20-80) completed a battery of tests designed to measure visual acuity, processing speed, inhibition, episodic memory and false memory. The relations between visual acuity and general cognitive ability, as well as between visual acuity and the indicators of this construct, were evaluated with structural equation modeling. The measurement model confirmed that the indicators of the individual cognitive abilities could be grouped into a general cognitive functioning factor. However, the relation between episodic and false memory was not completely explained by the shared association with this general factor. Furthermore, visual acuity predicted approximately half of the age-related variance in the general cognition factor. Also, the proportion of age-related variance shared with vision was highest in inhibition and lowest in false memory. The results are discussed in the light of common cause accounts of cognitive aging.     

再论门静脉高压症的治疗观

门静脉高压症的治疗主要是断流术和分流术,就此笔者于１７年前在本刊发表过文章进行论述。１７年后,此病的治疗观出现以下进展和变化：１,对立和统一：这两种手术联合施行可产生优势互补,代偿充分者更适合做分流术,否则以断流术为宜,这是观念上的突破;２,有创和微创：微创概念和技术的出现,使治疗手段多样化和观念更新,医生有了更多的选择;３,治标和治本：肝移植的临床一改门静脉高压的治标手段而向治本手段发展。