基于六省会城市居民的主观幸福感研究

本研究在全国省会城市范围内取样,对中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的心理测量学特性进行了检验,并以此为线索对该量表进行了修订和完善,形成了由40个项目组成的中国城市居民主观幸福感量表(修订版);并将常模样组扩展到全国,取得了中国城市居民主观幸福感量表(修订版)的全国参考常模;同时,尝试对构成中国城市居民主观幸福感各个评价维度的权重进行考察,以使量表分数的合成更为科学.     

German translation and psychometric evaluation of the Body Appreciation Scale

This paper examined the psychometric properties of the German version of the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), a novel scale for the assessment of positive body image. Based on a community sample of 156 women and 144 men in Austria, results showed good internal reliability and construct validity for the BAS scores, as well as a unidimensional factor structure for both women and men. Specifically, Cronbach's alpha was high for both women ( = .90) and men ( = .85), and the BAS was correlated with the body esteem scale and self-esteem. In addition, women with lower BMIs reported greater body appreciation, but no such association was found for men. Finally, there were small sex differences in BAS scores, with men scoring more positively than women (Cohen's d = 0.26). The German BAS, a useful indicator of positive body image among Austrian adults, should prove valuable for the assessment of body image in German-speaking countries.     

The measurement of body-image dissatisfaction–satisfaction: Is rating importance important?

Some researchers have argued that evaluative body image may be better assessed by measures that weight dissatisfaction–satisfaction ratings by their subjective importance to individuals. The Body Areas Satisfaction Scale (BASS) is a frequently used, standardized assessment of evaluative body image, albeit one that does not use differential item weights. This investigation, with 410 female and male college students, examined whether an importance-weighted revision of the BASS would have incremental validity relative to the original version in the prediction of multiple criterion variables. Results confirmed the reliability and validity of unweighted and weighted versions. However, the validity of weighted versions did not surpass that of the original BASS. The extremity of individuals’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction ratings appears inherently to reflect the importance placed on physical attributes for self-evaluation. Moderated regression analyses offered only weak support for the interaction of average satisfaction and average importance ratings beyond their main effects. The simpler, unweighted BASS is an acceptable assessment of evaluative body image.     

Personality and individual difference correlates of positive body image

In the present study, 101 women and 106 men from a community sample of British adults completed the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), along with a battery of individual difference measures and demographics. Contrary to previous findings, there were no sex differences in BAS scores, either before or after controlling for individual differences in other measures. The results also showed that, moderating for participants’ sex, self-assessed attractiveness, educational qualifications, neuroticism, extraversion, and BMI were all significant predictors of body appreciation. In addition, higher media consumption and higher (male-stereotypic) instrumentality were associated with, but did not predict, higher body appreciation. These results are discussed in relation to the extant work on body image.     

Development and initial validation of public domain Basic Interest Markers

Goldberg (Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In: I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7-28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press) has argued that the commercialization of personality measures limits the range of questions investigated in empirical research. We propose that the commercialization of interest measures has had a similar effect on research in vocational psychology. Following Goldberg’s example of developing public-domain personality markers, we also propose that the development of public-domain interest markers would facilitate new directions in career-related research. The present study outlines the development and validation of a set of public-domain Basic Interest Markers (BIMs) that are freely available on a website. Using Day and Rounds’ (Day, Susan. X, & Rounds, J. (1997). A little more than kin, and less than kind: Basic interests in vocational research and career counseling. Career Development Quarterly, 45, 207-220) basic interest taxonomy, 343 items and 31 BIM scales were generated. Validity evidence is presented from correlations with the General Occupational Themes and Basic Interest Scales of the Strong Interest Inventory (Harmon, L. W., Hansen, J. C., Borgen, F. H., & Hammer, A. L. (1994). Strong Interest Inventory applications and technical guide. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press). Discriminant validity is demonstrated by the capacity for the BIMs to differentiate major field of education or training. Implications for research and use in applied settings are discussed.     

Black Women and White Women: Do Perceptions of Childhood Family Environment Differ?

INTRODUCTION: Few studies have examined racial differences in perceptions of childhood. Little is known about how Blacks perceive their own families, particularly the family environment that they experienced in childhood. METHODS: A community sample of 290 women (55% White, 45% Black) from two-parent families, heterogeneous in age and social class, was examined using a self-administered questionnaire, including the Family Environment Scale (FES), followed by a focused interview. Siblings were used as collateral informants. RESULTS: The psychometric properties of the FES showed remarkably little variation by race: The internal scale reliability, correlations between scales, and factor structures were quite similar. Although both White and Black women reported good childhood family environments, Black women when compared with White women rated their families of origin as more cohesive, organized, and expressive, and lower in conflict. Sibling responses corroborated these findings. DISCUSSION: This study addresses a gap in the research literature and provides important evidence of strengths in Black family relationships as reported by a community sample of women. The psychometric properties of the FES, found to be strong for families of both races, lends support to our findings and those of other researchers who have used this measure.     

Development and Validation of the Weekly Stress Inventory-Short Form

The Weekly Stress Inventory (WSI) has been used both in research and in clinical settings to measure minor stress. Although this tool offers a reliable and valid measure to assess minor stress, it lacks brevity that would make it more feasible for rapid assessments of stress needed in many research and clinical settings. The current study assessed the psychometrics of the newly developed Weekly Stress Inventory Short Form (WSI-SF), a 25-item scale to measure minor stress. Adults attending general medicine clinics (n = 171) at a public teaching hospital completed the WSI-SF and the WSI. The WSI-SF was found to have good internal consistency for both the events score (.92) and impact score (.91) and good convergent validity with the WSI. The results of the present study suggest that the WSI-SF is a reliable and valid instrument for use in assessing minor stress.     

Rating Scales for the Assessment of Empathic Communication in Medical Interviews (REM): Scale Development,Reliability, and Validity

Empathy has been shown to affect the quality of care by enhancing the physician–patient relationship and promoting effective communication. In this study, the newly developed Rating Scales for the Assessment of Empathic Communication in Medical Interviews (REM), designed to assess empathy and confrontation in physician–patient interactions, were subjected to preliminary psychometric testing. Particular attention was paid to face validity, reliability, sensitivity, and practicality. A total of 118 volunteers were asked to assess transcribed interactions between physicians and a standardized patient using the REM. In order to assess the convergent validity of the REM, the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Code (MITI) and the Behavior Change Counseling Index (BECCI) were used. Factor analysis identified two subscales, reflecting empathy and confrontation. Interrater reliability coefficients for items ranged from r = .82 to .97; Cronbach’s alphas for the two subscales were .89 and .88, respectively. The convergent validity was supported by substantial correlations between the REM scores and the MITI scores and by significant correlations between the REM scores and the BECCI score. The REM demonstrated good psychometric properties suggesting the rating scales might be useful in clinical practice, research endeavors, and medical education. Further research is necessary to assess the test-retest reliability as well as the predictive validity of this instrument.     

自陈量表式测验应用IRT的可行性

对采用5级评分Likert式测题的情感能力量表的分析表明,各分量表项目都有较好的模型-数据拟合性,而且显示了参数估计的不变性,及与CTT参数的关联性。这些都表明Likert量表应用IRT模型的假设条件得到了满足,即IRT应用是可行的。研究还表明IRT能对测量精度进行更精确的估计。     

服务行业员工的人格特质、情绪劳动策略与心理健康的关系

研究采用问卷法, 抽取服务行业员工样本357份, 探讨人格特质(QZPS)、情绪劳动策略对心理健康的作用机制。结果显示：(1) 在QZPS中, 善良预测较少的表层动作, 较多的自动调节; 才干预测较多的深层加工; 行事风格预测较多自动调节; 情绪性预测较少的深层加工; 他人指向预测较少的表层调节, 较多的自动调节; 自我指向预测较多的深层调节; 事物指向预测较多的自动调节和深层加工, 较少的表层动作。(2) 表层劳动预测较差的心理健康, 深层劳动和自动调节预测较好的心理健康。(3) 表层动作在善良、他人指向与心理健康之间起显著中介作用, 深层加工在情绪性、才干、自我指向、事物指向与心理健康之间起显著中介作用。自动调节在善良、行事风格、事物指向与心理健康之间起显著的中介作用。(4) 外向性可直接作用于心理健康。研究显示, 外向性、善良、才干、行事风格、他人指向、自我指向、事物指向等QZPS特质高分者都比较容易适应服务行业, “情绪性”高分者从事服务行业工作将有较大的心理健康代价。另外, 从深层调节和自动调节角度开展心理健康培训、职业心理咨询及自我调节, 可增强员工对服务工作的适应性, 并促进心理健康。