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371.
在负性风险信息沟通中,采用文本表征与图形表征,结果发现图形表征方式更能引起风险回避行为。基于此,本研究以获益方案作为风险沟通信息,分别采用文本表征与图形表征来探索信息表征方式对风险寻求的影响。结果显示:在文本表征方式中,个体决策主要受备择方案之间风险大小的影响;而图形表征方式中,个体不仅受备择方案之间风险大小的影响,而且更受备择方案之间获益大小的影响。结果说明:相对文本表征,图形表征方式更能引起决策者为了获益而冒更大的风险,从而表现出风险寻求偏好,从而证实"图形效应"在风险决策中存在普遍性,为我们风险决策信息提供依据。 相似文献
372.
AimsThe current study aimed at delineating the effects of meta-motivational dominance and sensation seeking on performing challenging and boring tasks under pressure-filled conditions. Apter's (Apter, M. J. (2001). An introduction to reversal theory. In M. J. Apter (Ed.), Motivational styles in everyday life: A guide to reversal theory (pp. 3–35). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association) reversal theory and Zuckerman's (Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimum level of arousal. Hillsdale: Erlbaum) sensation-seeking (SS) theory were used to postulate that high SS and paratelic individuals would perform better on challenging tasks in pressure-filled situations than low SS and telic individuals. They have also been hypothesized to differ on perceived pressure, challenge perception, and determination.Study's designSeventy-three young adults were divided into two distinct groups, telic and sensation avoiders vs. paratelic and sensation seekers, based on two distinct questionnaires. The participants performed boring and challenging tasks under pressure-filled and normal conditions in a counter-balanced order. Each performance consisted of 3-blocked trials of 10 min each. Number of completions and errors were recorded.ResultsPressure had little to no effect on performance regardless of participants' meta-motivational dominance. Under pressure, perceived challenge was higher than under normal condition, and participants, as expected, felt more challenged when performing the apparatus task than when performing the vowel-circling task. Paratelics completed more vowel-circling and apparatus completions than did telic participants, but not to the desired level of significance.ConclusionsIt seems likely that paratelic individuals tried harder than telic individuals when put into a unique, measurable, and uncertain situation. It is likely that paratelics needing varied, novel, and challenging sensations along with playful and enjoyment felt more inclined to participate in both tasks with vigor and enthusiasm to fulfill their needs. It is suggested that it may be the intrinsic form of motivation, which paratelics possess, that allow for better performances. 相似文献
373.
This research was aimed at learning more about the different psychological mechanisms underlying children’s suggestibility
to leading questions, on the one hand, and children’s suggestibility to negative feedback, on the other, by distinguishing
between interview questions concerning different types of information. Results showed that, unlike the developmental pattern
of children’s suggestibility to leading questions, the developmental pattern of children’s suggestibility to negative feedback
differed depending on whether the interview questions concerned external facts (physical states and events) or internal facts
(mental states and events). This difference was not manifested in response to questions concerning central versus peripheral
facts. Results are interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that children’s suggestibility to negative feedback is differently
affected by “Theory-of-Mind” abilities than children’s suggestibility to leading questions. Further research is needed in
order to test this hypothesis. 相似文献
374.
Peter Muris 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(4):486-490
This study further investigated the construct of courage in children. Children aged 8–13 years (n = 51) were interviewed about the most courageous action that they had ever performed during their life, and to retrospectively
rate their level of fear and courage experienced during that event. On a separate occasion, children also completed the Courage
Measure for Children (CM-C) as an index of children’s general level of personal courage, as well as scales for assessing anxiety
symptoms and sensation seeking. Results indicated that almost all children (i.e., 94%) indicated that they had carried out
a courageous action at some point during their life, although the levels of fear and courage associated with these acts varied
considerably. Further, there was no relation between fear and courage reported for the courageous action, but these variables
were significantly correlated with respectively anxiety symptoms and personal courage as indexed by the CM-C. Finally, a significant
positive correlation was observed between sensation seeking and personal courage, indicating that children who are more thrill
and adventure seeking are generally also more courageous. It is concluded that fear and courage in children are largely unrelated
and not just two sides of the same coin. The implications of these results for the etiology and treatment of childhood anxiety
problems are discussed. 相似文献
375.
Speech priming tasks are frequently used to delineate stages in the speech process such as lexical retrieval and motor programming.
These tasks, often measured in reaction time (RT), require fast and accurate responses, reflecting maximized participant performance,
to result in robust priming effects. Encouraging speed and accuracy in responding can take many forms, including verbal instructions
and feedback, and often involves visually displayed RT feedback. However, it is uncertain how manipulation of the schedule
of this RT feedback influences speech RT speed and, ultimately, the priming effect. This experiment examined the effect of
visually presented RT feedback schedules on priming patterns in 20 older healthy adults. Results suggested that feedback schedule
manipulation had a differential effect on reaction time, depending on the interstimulus interval between the prime and the
target, but no effect on response priming patterns. 相似文献
376.
Kevin L. Zabel Andrew N. Christopher Pam Marek Mareike B. Wieth Jacqueline J. Carlson 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):917-921
The current study examined the potential mediating role of sensation seeking in the well-established negative relationship between age and financial risk-taking. A total of 299 participants, aged 17–90 years, allocated hypothetical money into mutual funds that varied in risk and completed a sensation seeking measure. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that the amount of variability age accounted for in risk-taking (4.1%; β = −.22) was significantly reduced when sensation seeking was controlled for (0.8%; β = −.12). A Sobel test revealed that sensation seeking fully mediated the aforementioned relationship. Results suggest sensation seeking’s role as a mediator in more physiologically arousing risk-taking contexts (e.g., surfing). Discussion recommends investigating potential biologically and cognitively-rooted mediators and moderators of the age and risk-taking relationship. 相似文献
377.
Kerry Lynn H. MacSwain Simon B. Sherry Sherry H. Stewart Margo C. Watt Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos Aislin R. Graham 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):938-943
Health anxiety (HA) involves persistent worry about one’s health and beliefs one has an illness or may contract a disease. In the present study, gender differences in Noyes et al.’s (2003) interpersonal model of health anxiety (IMHA) were examined. Using a sample of 950 undergraduates (674 women; 276 men), multigroup confirmatory factor analyses suggested the measurement model for key dimensions of the IMHA (i.e., reassurance-seeking, alienation, worry, and absorption) were invariant across gender. This suggests key dimensions of this model are applicable to and generalizable across women and men. Coefficients alpha for and bivariate correlations between these IMHA dimensions were also roughly comparable across women and men. As hypothesized, mean levels of reassurance-seeking and worry were significantly higher in women compared to men. No gender differences were observed in mean levels of alienation or absorption. Reassurance-seeking and worry appear salient in the interpersonal behavior and emotional life of women with HA. The present study helps to clarify gender differences in the IMHA and other HA models involving similar variables. 相似文献
378.
SAORI YANAGIZAWA 《The Japanese psychological research》2008,50(3):137-144
Abstract: This field study investigated the effect of goal difficulty and feedback seeking on goal attainment and learning in Management by Objectives (MBO) programs. Participants (n = 105) described the degree of their goal difficulty. After 6 months, they answered a questionnaire that inquired about the frequency of the feedback‐seeking and the degree of learning during the 6‐month period. Data about the extent of goal attainment were obtained from the participants’ immediate supervisors. The results indicated that goal difficulty and the frequency of feedback seeking were positively related to the degree of goal attainment and learning. 相似文献
379.
DING Ji 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2012,7(2):217
Zhuzi (Zhu Xi), Zhang Nanxuan and Lü Donglai continued a discussion begun by Hu Wufeng and his disciples on the subject of “knowing the form of benevolence,” and “seeking for a true mind in an absent one.” One result of their discussion was to make people realize that innately good knowledge and ability are not only manifested in loving one’s parents and respecting one’s elders, but also in the simple acts of drinking when thirsty and eating when hungry. This generated the idea of “manifestation range of innately good knowledge and ability.” However, another conclusion of this discussion claimed that if the desire to drink and eat or the king of Qi’s grudging an ox are included in this range, there would be a danger of viewing innately good knowledge and ability merely as inborn human nature or instinct. This discussion reveals an unsteady relationship between innately good knowledge and ability and the feeling of commiseration, which are sometimes united and sometimes separate. 相似文献
380.
People often infer expertise from the choice of unique, rare, or sophisticated options. But might mere variety‐seeking also serve as a signal of expertise, and if so, how? Six studies show that the relationship between variety‐seeking and perceived expertise is not unidirectional and depends on the perceiver's own level of expertise. Category experts perceive lower variety‐seeking as indicative of discernment, which in turn increases perceived expertise in that category. Consequently, experts choose less variety to portray themselves as experts. In contrast, novices perceive high variety‐seeking as indicative of category breadth knowledge, which in turn increases their perception of category expertise. Consequently, novices choose more variety to portray themselves as experts. The findings make novel theoretical contributions to research on variety‐seeking, consumer expertise, and social perception, as well as practical contributions for marketers of product assortments and bundles. 相似文献