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141.
142.
Moscoso del Prado Martín F 《Cognitive Science》2011,35(5):785-837
The finding of fractal scaling (FS) in behavioral sequences has raised a debate on whether FS is a pervasive property of the cognitive system or is the result of specific processes. Inferences about the origins of properties in time sequences are causal. That is, as opposed to correlational inferences reflecting instantaneous symmetrical relations, causal inferences concern asymmetric relations lagged in time. Here, I integrate Granger-causality with inferences about FS. Four simulations illustrate that causal analyses can isolate distinct FS sources, whereas correlational techniques cannot. I then analyze three simultaneous sequences of responses from a database of word-naming trials. I find that two, or perhaps three, distinct sources account for the presence of FS in these sequences, but FS is not a general property of the system. This suggests that FS arises due to the properties of a limited number of identifiable psychological and/or neural processes. Finally, I reanalyze a previously published dataset of acoustic frequency spectra using the new tools. The causality/criticality combination introduced here offers a new important perspective in the study of cognition. 相似文献
143.
Richard F. Haase LaRae M. Jome Joaquim Armando Ferreira Eduardo J.R. Santos Christopher C. Connacher Kerrin Sendrowitz 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2011,79(2):403-413
The purpose of this study was to provide additional validity evidence for a model of person–environment fit based on polychronicity, stimulus load, and information processing capacities. In this line of research the confluence of polychronicity and information processing (e.g., the ability of individuals to process stimuli from the environment along five dimensions of information load, interpersonal load, change load, time structure, and activity structure) is applied to the occupational environment. Using magnitude estimation scaling, college students in the United States and Portugal rated 42 occupations across five information processing demand characteristics. Results indicated that occupations could be differentiated by the information load conditions, thus producing a profile of information processing demand characteristics unique to each of the occupations tested. Additional findings provided evidence for the validity of the scaled occupational values; ratings differed reliably across Holland categories, were fairly consistent across the two cultural groups, and showed expected relationships with salary and educational level. 相似文献
144.
Laurie L. Charlés 《Journal of Family Therapy》2010,32(1):27-42
This paper will illustrate the utilization of systemic family therapy services inside a hospital in a war-affected region of the Central African Republic. Through an international non-governmental organization (NGO), the author, a family therapist, provided counselling supervision and services to hospital staff and patients in an area of open conflict in the northern region of the country. In circumstances of chronic insecurity fuelled by both government and rebel forces, families displaced in this region are vulnerable to numerous health conditions and social problems. Family therapy techniques and ideas were used to work with individuals, couples and families presenting with health and social problems resulting from HIV-TB, infections, chronic malnutrition, acute poisoning and beliefs about sorcery. Case examples illustrate the systems consultation model used with the mental health team in order to expand and promote the sustainability of patient mental healthcare in this underserved region. 相似文献
145.
146.
Previous studies of computer criminals have attempted to differentiate between offenders, but have not used data from the actual attacks. Drawing on theories from investigative psychology as well as information security, the current study differentiates 2755 computer security incidents using information about Method of Operation (MO), Impact, and Source Sector from reported attacks. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied on the data‐matrix of 22 variables and showed the co‐occurrences of various aspects of computer security incidents. A radex structure emerged where the high frequency variables were positioned in the centre of the data‐plot. Based on a previously developed taxonomy of cyber intrusions, the results of the analysis showed that it was possible to draw inferences about the less informative category of Objective, from information about Attacker, Tools, Access, and Results. By applying the division‐lines indicating the Objectives of Challenge/Status, Destruction, Political Gain and Financial Gain on the SSA‐plot, it was shown how the taxonomies could be further developed by taking into account the relationships between the categories. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
147.
Three studies examined the conceptual and psychological differences between hope and related mental states. In Study 1, participants provided definitions of hope as well as optimism, want, desire, wish, and the non-anticipatory state of joy; in Study 2, participants wrote about a time when they had experienced each of these states. These definitions and stories were coded for a number of psychological features that were then used to distinguish the different states. Study 3 mapped the differences among the six mental states into a multidimensional conceptual space. Overall, hope is most closely related to wishing but distinct from it. Most important, hope is distinct from optimism by being an emotion, representing more important but less likely outcomes, and by affording less personal control. The importance of combining a folk-conceptual perspective with a more traditional analysis of appraisal for understanding differences among psychological constructs is discussed. 相似文献
148.
A distance-based variety of nonlinear multivariate data analysis, including weights for objects and variables 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jacques J. F. Commandeur Patrick J. F. Groenen Jacqueline J. Meulman 《Psychometrika》1999,64(2):169-186
In the distance approach to nonlinear multivariate data analysis the focus is on the optimal representation of the relationships between the objects in the analysis. In this paper two methods are presented for including weights in distance-based nonlinear multivariate data analysis. In the first method, weights are assigned to the objects while the second method is concerned with differential weighting of groups of variables. When each analysis variable defines a group the latter method becomes a variable weighting method. For objects the weights are assumed to be given; for groups of variables they may be given, or estimated. These weighting schemes can also be combined and have several important applications. For example, they make it possible to perform efficient analyses of large data sets, to use the distance-based variety of nonlinear multivariate data analysis as an addition to loglinear analysis of multiway contingency tables, and to do stability studies of the solutions by applying the bootstrap on the objects or the variables in the analysis. These and other applications are discussed, and an efficient algorithm is proposed to minimize the corresponding loss function.This study is funded by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) by grant nr. 030-56403 for the PIONEER project Subject Oriented Multivariate Analysis to the third author. 相似文献
149.
M. Meyer M.D. Ph.D. A. Rahmel C. Marconi B. Grassi J. E. Skinner P. Cerretelli 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1998,33(1):9-40
The dynamics of heartbeat interval time series over large time scales were studied by a modifed random walk analysis introduced
recently asDetrended Fluctuation Analysis. In this analysis, the intrinsic fractal long-range power-law correlation properties of beat-to-beat fluctuations generated
by the dynamical system (i.e., cardiac rhythm generator), after decomposition from extrinsic uncorrelated sources, can be
quantified by the scaling exponent (α) which, in healthy subjects, for time scales of ∼104 beats is ∼1.0. The effects of chronic hypoxia were determined from serial heartbeat interval time series of digitized twenty-four-hour
ambulatory ECGs recorded in nine healthy subjects (mean age thirty-four years old) at sea level and during a sojourn at 5,050
m for thirty-four days (Ev-K2-CNR Pyramid Laboratory, Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal). The group averaged α exponent (±SD)
was 0.99±0.04 (range 0.93–1.04). Longitudinal assessment of α in individual subjects did not reveal any effect of exposure
to chronic high altitude hypoxia. The finding of α∼1 indicating scale-invariant long-range power-law correlations (1/f noise) of heartbeat fluctuations would reflect a genuinely self-similar fractal process that typically generates fluctuations
on a wide range of time scales. Lack of a characteristic time scale along with the absence of any effect from exposure to
chronic hypoxia on scaling properties suggests that the neuroautonomic cardiac control system is preadapted to hypoxia which
helps prevent excessive mode-locking (error tolerance) that would restrict its functional responsiveness (plasticity) to hypoxic
or other physiological stimuli.
Editorial Note: A philosopher is, by definition, a lover of wisdom. In the following article, Dr. Dimitrov, as a philosopher, examines the
principles that underlie being and thinking as performed by the structures of the brain. He reports his thoughts in a “virtual
context.” Virtual, a word enjoying great popularity today, is derived from the Latin word for man; it describes manliness
and implies apparent, but not actual, power.
In his analysis of how information is dealt with by the human being, the author uses theoretical physics and mathematics that
may seem arcane to some readers. A major aspect of his thesis declares that the effective performance of information systems
relies not on the structures involved, but on the way they interact. 相似文献
150.
Homogeneity analysis, or multiple correspondence analysis, is usually applied tok separate variables. In this paper we apply it to sets of variables by using sums within sets. The resulting technique is called OVERALS. It uses the notion of optimal scaling, with transformations that can be multiple or single. The single transformations consist of three types: nominal, ordinal, and numerical. The corresponding OVERALS computer program minimizes a least squares loss function by using an alternating least squares algorithm. Many existing linear and nonlinear multivariate analysis techniques are shown to be special cases of OVERALS. An application to data from an epidemiological survey is presented.This research was partly supported by SWOV (Institute for Road Safety Research) in Leidschendam, The Netherlands. 相似文献