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181.
Adaptive behavior in autism is highly variable and strongly related to prognosis. This study explored family history as a potential source of variability in adaptive behavior in autism. Participants included 77 individuals (mean age = 18) with average or better intellectual ability and autism. Parents completed the Family History Interview about the presence of broader autism phenotype symptoms and major psychiatric disorders in first degree relatives. Adaptive behavior was assessed via the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). Based on family history variables, age, and intelligence quotient (IQ), 87% of participants were correctly classified as having impaired or average VABS scores. Family history of depression and shyness accounted for the most variance in VABS scores, and they had the greatest influence on VABS Socialization scores in particular. Possible underlying mechanisms include genetics, psychosocial factors, and social resources. This study provides initial evidence of the importance of family history to adaptive behavior in autism and has implications for genetics and treatment. 相似文献
182.
The study examined similarities and differences between people having individualist and collectivist cultural orientations
in terms of what they perceive as stressful and uplifting experiences in their daily lives, and the relation between daily
experiences and family and life satisfaction. Data were collected from two representative community samples (697 Jews and
303 Arabs). Each sample was grouped into individualist and collectivist cultural orientations. The two cultural orientation
groups differed with respect to the appraisal of positive and negative daily experiences. A structural equation modeling (SEM)
multi-group analysis indicated a similar factor structure for hassles and uplifts in both groups. However, the two groups
differed in the effects of positive and negative daily occurrences on family and life satisfaction. 相似文献
183.
Drawing on transactional theories of child development, we assessed bidirectional links between trajectories of adolescent
substance use and parenting processes from early through mid adolescence. Hierarchical generalized models estimated trajectories
for 3,317 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, exploring both between- and within-individual effects.
Between individuals, adolescents reporting more regular family activities and greater father and mother knowledge of friends
and teachers experienced lower levels of substance use through mid adolescence. Similarly, adolescents with more frequent
substance use reported lower family activities, father knowledge, and mother knowledge, though these differences dissipated
over time. More conservative within-individual differences indicated a prospective protective effect of family activities,
with increases in adolescent participation in family activities predicting later declines in substance use. Results support
the central importance of engagement in regular family activities, and suggest the need for further exploration of transactional
processes between parents and children in the development of risk behaviors. 相似文献
184.
This report documents relationships between differential item functioning (DIF) identification and: (1) item–trait association, and (2) scale multidimensionality in personality assessment. Applying [Zumbo, B. D. (1999). A handbook on the theory and methods of differential item functioning (DIF): Logistic regression modeling as a unitary framework for binary and Likert-type (ordinal) item scores. Ottawa, ON: Directorate of Human Resources Research and Evaluation, Department of National Defense.] logistic regression model, DIF effect size is found to become increasingly inflated as investigated item associations with trait scores decrease. Similar patterns were noted for the influence of scale multidimensionality on DIF identification. Individuals who investigate DIF in personality assessment applications are provided with estimates regarding the impact of the magnitude of item and trait association and scale multidimensionality on DIF occurrence and effect size. The results emphasize the importance of excluding investigated items in focal trait identification prior to conducting DIF analyses and reporting item and scale psychometric properties in DIF reports. 相似文献
185.
Lieke L. ten Brummelhuis Tanja van der Lippe Esther S. Kluwer Henk Flap 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2008,73(3):387-396
We aimed to explain the influence of family involvement on feelings of burnout among employees who combine work and family tasks. As proxies for family involvement, we used the family structure (partner, number and age of children) and family tasks (e.g. hours spent on household chores). We compared conflict theory and enrichment theory, and investigated how well they explain the relationship between family involvement and feelings of burnout. Based on a sample of 1046 employees at 30 Dutch organizations, the results showed that the presence of young children and doing more household chores were positively related to feelings of burnout, whereas having children reduced employees’ feelings of burnout. We also investigated interaction effects of gender and gender-role norms. We conclude that family life can reduce work-related burnout and that for men, the relationship between family involvement and feelings of burnout differs depending on whether they have traditional or modern gender-role norms. 相似文献
186.
Compulsive hoarding, the acquisition of and failure to discard large numbers of possessions, is associated with substantial health risk, impairment in functioning, and economic burden. Despite clear indications that hoarding has a detrimental effect on people living with or near someone with a hoarding problem, no empirical research has examined these harmful effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the burden of hoarding on family members. Six hundred sixty-five family informants who reported having a family member or friend with hoarding behaviors completed an internet-based survey. Living with an individual who hoards during childhood was associated with elevated reports of childhood distress and family strain. Family members reported high levels of patient rejection attitudes, suggesting high levels of family frustration and hostility. Rejecting attitudes were predicted by severity of hoarding symptoms, the individual's perceived lack of insight into the behavior, and having lived in a cluttered environment during childhood. These results suggest that compulsive hoarding adversely impacts not only the hoarding individual, but also those living with them. 相似文献
187.
Family climate of routine asthma care: associating perceived burden and mother-child interaction patterns to child well-being 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
This preliminary report links the literatures on family asthma management practices and on the characteristics of family interaction patterns thought to influence children's adjustment to a chronic physical illness. Specifically, this study of 60 families with a child with asthma examined the extent to which perceived burden of routine asthma care affected child mental health via its influence on parent-child interaction patterns. Mothers completed a measure of asthma management routine burden, mother and child were observed in a 15-minute interaction task, and children completed measures of child anxiety and asthma quality of life (QOL). Perceived routine burden significantly predicted child anxiety and QOL through its effect on mother-child rejection/criticism. The same pattern did not hold for mother intrusiveness/control. The results are discussed in terms of how overall family climate and regulation of routines affects child well-being. Implications for clinical practice and limitations of the study are provided. 相似文献
188.
This paper sets out to explore if standard psychoanalytic thinking based on clinical experience can illuminate instability in financial markets and its widespread human consequences. Buying, holding or selling financial assets in conditions of inherent uncertainty and ambiguity, it is argued, necessarily implies an ambivalent emotional and phantasy relationship to them. Based on the evidence of historical accounts, supplemented by some interviewing, the authors suggest a psychoanalytic approach focusing on unconscious phantasy relationships, states of mind, and unconscious group functioning can explain some outstanding questions about financial bubbles which cannot be explained with mainstream economic theories. The authors also suggest some institutional features of financial markets which may ordinarily increase or decrease the likelihood that financial decisions result from splitting off those thoughts which give rise to painful emotions. Splitting would increase the future risk of financial instability and in this respect the theory with which economic agents in such markets approach their work is important. An interdisciplinary theory recognizing and making possible the integration of emotional experience may be more useful to economic agents than the present mainstream theories which contrast rational and irrational decision-making and model them as making consistent decisions on the basis of reasoning alone. 相似文献
189.
Nicola S. Schutte John M. Malouff Ian Price Samantha Walter Greg Burke Catherine Wilkinson 《Current Psychology》2008,27(2):102-111
Two studies applied a person–situation model to examine the effect of emotional affordances of situations. Participants rated
their emotional functioning as more extensive in situations classified as being high in emotional affordance than those classified
as low in emotional affordance. Participants who scored higher on the individual difference characteristic of emotional intelligence
were more interested in entering high emotional affordance situations than were individuals lower in emotional intelligence,
and participants who scored higher on emotional intelligence were rated by others as being more successful in high emotional
affordance situations than individuals lower in emotional intelligence. These results provide preliminary evidence that the
interaction between emotional intelligence and situations may influence emotional functioning. 相似文献
190.
Ferran Casas Germà Coenders Robert A. Cummins Mònica González Cristina Figuer Sara Malo 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2008,9(2):197-205
The relationship between the subjective well-being of parents and their own 12–16-year-old children was explored in a Spanish
sample of N = 266 families. A positive relationship was expected due to both a shared environment and the possibility of the genetic
transmission of subjective well-being ‘set-points’. A positive significant relationship was found for the summated scale of
satisfaction domains forming the Personal Well-being Index, and for the specific domains of health and security for the future.
However, no relationship was found for the other five domains that make up this Index or for satisfaction with life as a whole.
We conclude while these results provide some evidence for the expected influence of a shared environment, they have failed
to provide evidence for high heritability of set-points for subjective well-being. 相似文献