Spirituality as a Resiliency Quality in Xhosa-speaking Families in South Africa

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore spirituality as a characteristic of family resilience in Xhosa-speaking families in South Africa. A parent, and in some cases an adolescent, represented each of the 51 families that participated. Participants were expected to respond to three open-ended questions regarding their family and identify factors or strengths that had recently helped their family. The results indicate that spirituality is an important coping resource. The core theme of spirituality consists of six related categories that facilitated the successful adaptation of the participating families after a crisis. These categories are Gifts from God; Guidance; God's Works; God's Plan; Prayer; and Faith.     

“Eat your Hamburger!”—“No, I don’t Want to!” Argumentation and Argumentative Development in the Context of Dinner Conversation in Twenty Swedish Families

The aim of the present study was to analyse family dinners as context of argumentation and argumentative development by using a context-sensitive model of basic argumentative structures in every day conversations. The data consisted of 40 argumentative sequences in dinner conversations in twenty Swedish families with children aged 7 to 17 years. The families were divided in two groups depending on the children's ages (10–11 years with younger siblings and 10–12 years with older siblings). The model revealed characteristic structures of argumentation appearing as co-text and suggested differences between family groups depending on contextual factors such as age of the children. The groups of older children produced longer argumentative sequences, more exchanges per sequence and higher rate of turns. The older children also engaged in non-instrumental deliberations and disputations significantly more often and they performed more elaborated expansions (through a higher quantity of backing arguments). The groups of younger children on the other hand were more often involved in negotiations on topics relevant in the immediate context. Less expected was, however, the lack of more complex and varied arguments, even in the groups of older children.     

Emergent Processes in Group Behavior

ABSTRACT— Just as neurons interconnect in networks that create structured thoughts beyond the ken of any individual neuron, so people spontaneously organize themselves into groups to create emergent organizations that no individual may intend, comprehend, or even perceive. Recent technological advances have provided us with unprecedented opportunities for conducting controlled laboratory experiments on human collective behavior. We describe two experimental paradigms in which we attempt to build predictive bridges between the beliefs, goals, and cognitive capacities of individuals and patterns of behavior at the group level, showing how the members of a group dynamically allocate themselves to resources and how innovations diffuse through a social network. Agent-based computational models have provided useful explanatory and predictive accounts. Together, the models and experiments point to tradeoffs between exploration and exploitation—that is, compromises between individuals using their own innovations and using innovations obtained from their peers—and the emergence of group-level organizations such as population waves, bandwagon effects, and spontaneous specialization.     

Teacher Efficacy In the Context of Teaching Low Achieving Students

This paper focused on the efficacy of Singapore teachers who teach low achieving adolescent students. Three dimensions of self-reported teacher efficacy—instructional strategies, classroom management, and student engagement—were examined in relation to teacher attributes and the teacher–student relationship. Data were obtained from the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk Hoy (Teaching and Teacher Education 17:783–805, 2001) and the Teacher–Student Relationship Scale Ang (The Journal of Experimental Education 74:55–73, 2005). Significant differences between novice teachers and experienced teachers emerged in teacher efficacy beliefs in relation to instructional strategies, classroom management, and student engagement. Conflict in teacher–student relationship was found to predict teacher efficacy for teachers of low achieving students. Implications for teachers’ professional development were discussed.     

Perceptions of Family Relationship Factors and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: What Roles Do Parents and Gender Play?

The association of adolescents’ perceptions of family relationships and adolescent depressive symptoms was investigated using a sample of 2,918 youth participating in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Boys showed fewer depressive symptoms than girls, as hypothesized. In general, adolescents’ perceptions of family relationships were negatively related to depressive symptoms. Mother support of father predicted depressive symptoms for girls only, whereas father support of mother predicted depressive symptoms for boys only. These findings contradict previous research that suggested family functioning is more related to outcomes of adolescent girls than boys. Suggestions for future research and implications for marital and family therapists are discussed.     

跨情境下集群行为的动因机制

群体性事件是当下我国典型的集群行为。本研究通过实验室情景设计的方法, 考察了跨情境下群体相对剥夺如何通过群体认同作用于集群行为, 及群体愤怒和群体效能对集群行为的影响。结果表明：1) 同一触发情境下, 群体认同调节群体相对剥夺－集群行为(意向)之间的关系。一般群体认同凸显的个体在高群体相对剥夺水平下有更强烈的集群行为参与(意向)。这源自群体认同对群体相对剥夺不同水平下群体效能与集群行为意向之间的二次调节。对于特定群体认同凸显的个体, 无论群体相对剥夺水平的高低, 都有较高的集群行为参与(意向)。这当中, 群体愤怒起到了部分中介的作用。2) 不同触发情境下, 群体认同对群体相对剥夺与集群行为意向的调节作用出现差异。该调节作用仅出现在利益无关情境中。此外, 群体愤怒与群体效能对集群行为意向的影响在不同情境下有区别：在利益无关情境中, 群体愤怒的影响显著大于群体效能; 在利益相关情境中, 群体效能与群体愤怒的影响无显著差异。本研究扩展了集群行为的双路径模型, 并为政府预防和化解群体性事件提供思路。     

团队情绪氛围对团队创新绩效的影响机制

基于85个团队的团队领导和475名团队成员的配对数据, 考察了团队情绪氛围、情绪劳动及团队效能感对团队创新绩效的影响机制。结果发现：团队中有两种类型的情绪交换—— 团队情绪氛围是团队内部的情绪交换, 而情绪劳动是团队成员对外的情绪交换。高强度的情绪劳动(高外部情绪交换)具有情绪资源攫取的效果, 削弱了团队积极情绪氛围与团队创新绩效之间的关系; 当团队工作的情绪劳动程度较高时, 团队较低的积极情绪氛围对于团队创新反而有更强的促进作用。团队积极情绪氛围(团队内部的积极情绪交换)对于团队效能感有促进作用。团队情绪氛围与情绪劳动的交互作用以团队效能感为完全中介进而影响团队创新绩效。     

基于网络与演化视角的集体球类项目团队共享心智模型

团队既是当今组织中的重要工作方式, 又是集体竞技的组织形式, 故成为众多学科关注的焦点。共享心智模型是团队成员共享的团队相关情境关键要素的有组织理解、知识心理表征或信念。近年来, 中国足、篮、排三大球集体陷入低谷, 输球又输人的状况屡见取端, 引发举国关注。振兴“三大球”成为建设体育强国必然要迈过的坎。研究提出从网络与演化视角出发, 以“三大球”为主要研究对象, 通过对主题专家的深度访谈与“三大球”标杆球队的进球(或得分)录像分析, 寻找“三大球”共享心智模型演化的共性与殊性, 并为后续研究提供素材与参数; 接着, 采用多重个案设计与追踪研究范式, 交叉检定与复现共享心智模型的演化理论与作用机制理论; 再次, 实证检验成员社会网络类型、结构与演化对共享心智模型与团队效能的影响; 最后, 运用Repast 软件对共享心智模型的形成与演化进行模拟, 以为预测与实时干预提供参考。     

自我概念对两类怀旧广告诉求有效性的影响

在怀旧风潮盛行的大背景下, 怀旧广告日益受到了广告主的青睐。然而, 由于怀旧诉求未能正确匹配目标受众, 导致一些怀旧广告的无效甚至是起反面效果。基于此, 通过区分个人怀旧诉求和虚拟集体怀旧诉求, 并将其联结于消费者的两种自我概念形态(独立自我与互依自我), 经由两个实验探查了受众的自我概念形态对不同怀旧广告诉求的反应。实验一采用2(怀旧诉求：个人怀旧与虚拟集体怀旧)×2(自我概念：独立自我与互依自我)组间因子设计, 检验自我概念形态是否对个人怀旧诉求广告、虚拟集体怀旧诉求广告的效果起调节作用; 实验二通过对自我概念采用不一样的操控方式, 对认知反应进行更加有效的测量, 对同一被试接触到怀旧广告信息前后的品牌态度进行对比等, 重复检验了实验一的研究结果。实验结果显示：独立自我程度高的消费者往往偏好于个人怀旧诉求, 而互依自我程度高的消费者往往偏好于虚拟集体怀旧诉求。研究结果表明：怀旧虽是一项很好的广告题材, 但在具体应用时, 需要注意怀旧诉求与目标受众的匹配性。本研究拓展了自我概念这一重要心理变量在怀旧广告领域的应用; 同时, 论文研究结果对于怀旧营销、跨文化营销也有一定的启示意义。     

人格特质、家庭环境对中学生道德判断能力的影响

以855名中学生为被试,采用路径分析等实证方法构建了个体差异变量人格特质、社会环境类因素家庭环境对道德判断能力影响的关系模型,揭示了人格特质、家庭环境各维度对中学生道德判断能力发展的直接和间接影响。当前中学生的人格特质对道德判断能力发展的总影响效应为正,家庭环境对道德判断能力发展的总影响效应为负。人格特质和家庭环境是一个整体,还应从综合的角度,用发展和系统的眼光看待其对道德判断能力的影响。