经前期综合征与奖赏进程失调——来自脑电的证据

研究表明,经前期综合征(Premenstrualsyndromes,PMS)女性的情绪平衡性存在问题,而现有研究多从负性情绪上升的角度考察PMS的发病机制,而对其正性情绪缺损的关注不足。鉴于正性情绪与奖赏进程密切相关,本研究试图从奖赏进程失调的角度考察PMS女性与健康女性的差异以及该差异是否存在阶段特异性的问题,以期从正性情绪缺损的角度揭示其发病机制。具体而言,分别选取PMS女性与健康女性23名和22名,考察两组被试在黄体晚期(即经前期)和卵泡早期(即经后期)正性情绪以及完成赌博任务时的脑电数据时域和频域的差异。主观问卷结果显示,PMS女性的愉快和平静情绪低于健康女性,并且情绪平衡性也低于健康女性,但无明显的阶段特异性。时域分析结果显示, PMS组在经前期收到奖赏反馈后奖赏正波(reward positivity, RewP)的波幅和差异波(即奖赏条件和惩罚条件下的差值)的波幅均低于健康女性,进一步的相关分析结果显示,对于PMS组来说,经前期奖赏条件下的Rew P波幅和差异波波幅与经前期的情绪平衡性显著正相关。频域分析的结果则发现PMS组在经前期奖赏条件下的θ频段(4～7 Hz, 25...     

婴儿图式及其加工的性别差异

婴儿图式 (baby schema, or Kindchenschema) 是指人们对一系列婴儿特征的一种心理表征, 这些特征包括婴儿所特有的高额头、大眼睛和圆脸蛋等知觉特征。婴儿图式可以诱发人们的积极情绪, 并引起关爱、照顾婴儿的行为, 从而满足个体生存以及繁衍的需要。对婴儿面孔的加工存在性别差异, 女性对婴儿特征比男性更敏感, 原因可能有四种：大脑结构的不同、女性独有的情绪反应、女性生殖激素的影响和早期环境的影响。未来的研究可以进一步揭示婴儿图式的特异性神经机制, 并从性别差异入手, 进一步探讨母爱与婴儿图式的相互作用。     

Positive employment relations: A qualitative meta-synthesis of the evidence

This study utilises a qualitative meta-synthesis approach to scope the evidence on qualities that define positive employment relations. The selection criteria included the identification of emerging themes, concepts and commonalities comprising positive employment relations throughout literature. Findings suggest that 21 core constructs comprised and affected positive employment relations on individual, team and organisational levels. Of the 21 constructs, only six key constructs are positive workplace relations resources: trust, respect, support, communication, equity and equality, and conflict management. Optimal functioning and flourishing of individuals result in an optimally thriving organisation, and, to ensure flourishing individuals and teams, an organisation should attend to and improve the quality of relationships within the work context.     

Development of a pleasure in parenting scale

Two major components of parenting have been identified: warmth and control. There has been a great deal of work on the measurement of control, but there are not many measures of parental warmth. As part of an attempt to develop better measures of warmth, we developed a scale measuring parents' pleasure in carrying out routine caretaking acts with their children. This measure was then related to other measures of positive support such as observation, observer ratings and questionnaires. As there is evidence in the literature that quality of the environment interacts with parenting, we related the measure to measures of stress, observer ratings of quality of the home, marital interaction and parental mood. Finally, we examined the relation of child variables (attachment classification, temperament rating and observed behaviours) to the parents' ratings of pleasure in the child.     

初中生乐观主义与其学业成绩的关系及中介效应分析

通过问卷考察了初中生乐观人格和乐观解释的关系、乐观主义与学生学业成绩的关系以及积极应对策略的中介效应,分析表明两种乐观主义存在着联系,乐观主义与学业成绩存在密切关系,不同水平的乐观对学生学业成绩产生的影响不一样,积极应对策略的中介效应不明显。结论:乐观主义是影响初中生学业成绩的一个重要影响因素,不同乐观主义对学业成绩产生的直接影响不一样,高水平的乐观是有利于学业成绩的。     

饮酒期望、饮酒拒绝自我效能与青少年的饮酒行为:有中介的调节效应分析

以544名初一、初二、高一和高二的学生为研究对象,考察在控制了相关人口学变量后,消极饮酒期望对积极饮酒期望与青少年饮酒行为关系的调节作用,以及饮酒拒绝自我效能对消极、积极饮酒期望及两者交互作用与饮酒行为关系的中介作用。结果发现:(1)28.31%的中学生在过去一个月中曾饮酒,其中13.60%在过去一个月中曾大量饮酒,8.27%曾醉酒;(2)积极饮酒期望能正向预测青少年的饮酒行为,消极饮酒期望在积极饮酒期望与青少年饮酒行为关系中发挥调节作用;(3)饮酒拒绝自我效能在消极饮酒期望与饮酒行为关系中起部分中介作用,在积极饮酒期望与饮酒行为的关系以及消极饮酒期望的调节作用中发挥了完全中介作用;(4)调节效应的中介机制表明,低消极期望组中,随着积极期望的提高,饮酒拒绝自我效能呈直线下降的趋势;而在高消极期望组中,无论积极期望高或者低,饮酒拒绝自我效能均较高。研究结果对青少年饮酒行为的干预有重要的指导意义。     

跨视听通道的相继错误记忆效应

本研究以12名大学生为被试采用DRM范式,考察了视觉与听觉通道在编码阶段的错误记忆ERP效应,以从更深层面认识错误记忆的内在加工机制。研究结果表明,在编码阶段,在300-500ms及500-700ms的时间窗视觉通道均存在相继错误记忆效应（DIM）,比听觉通道表现出较强的DIM效应,这不仅说明视觉通道与听觉通道在编码阶段具有不同的脑机制,而且表明DIM效应与学习项目的语义加工有着密切的关系。     

西方积极心理学运动是一场心理学革命吗？

积极心理学是20世纪末兴起于美国的一股重要心理学力量,也是当今心理学舞台上比较活跃的一个领域,对于它的出现,有人认为这是一场心理学革命或心理学研究范式的转变。该文仔细分析了积极心理学与传统主流心理学、人本主义心理学的关系,并对心理学发展中的革命性和非革命性变化的特点做了概括,最终得出结论：积极心理学从目前来看不是心理学发展史上的一场革命,其本身并不存在研究范式上的根本转变     

Can bottom-up processes of attention be a source of ‘interference’ in situations where top-down control of attention is crucial?

In this study, we investigate whether emotionally engaged bottom-up processes of attention can be a source of ‘interference’ in situations where top-down control of attention is necessary. Participants were asked to monitor and report on a video of a war scenario showing a developing battle in two conditions: emotionally positive and emotionally negative. Half of the participants (n = 15) were exposed to task-irrelevant pictures of positive emotional valence embedded within the scenario; the other half were exposed to task-irrelevant pictures of negative emotional valence. Sensitivity and Bias scores were calculated using signal detection theory. Overall, task accuracy scores were dependent upon the valence; negative pictures had an adverse effect on performance, whereas positive pictures improved performance. We concluded that negative emotional pictures interfered with top-down control of attention by attracting competing bottom-up processes of attention. We found the opposite effect for positive emotional stimuli.