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961.
Relative to more introverted persons, extraverts have been found to exhibit better recall and recognition in a range of memory paradigms including demonstrating a superior semantic priming effect. The present study sought to establish whether this aspect of personality might be associated with the false memory paradigm developed by Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (the DRM paradigm). Lists containing semantically related words were presented to extraverts, ambiverts, and introverts. Compared to the other two groups, extraverts falsely recalled more critical lures (words that although semantically related were not in the original lists) and non-list words. The results are discussed in relation to the concept of spreading activation. 相似文献
962.
Linhares and Brum (2007) argue that they provide evidence for analogy as the main principle behind experts' acquisition of perceptual knowledge. However, the methodology they used—asking players to pair positions using abstract similarity—raises the possibility that the task reflects more the effect of directional instructions than the principles underlying the acquisition of knowledge. Here we replicate and extend Linhares and Brum's experiment and show that the matching task they used is inadequate for drawing any conclusions about the nature of experts' perception. When expert chess players were instructed to match problems based on similarities at the abstract level (analogy), they produced more abstract pairs than pairs based on concrete similarity. However, the same experts produced more concrete pairs than abstract ones when instructed to match the problems based on concrete similarity. Asking experts to match problems using explicit instructions is not an appropriate way to show the importance of either analogy or similarity in the acquisition of expert knowledge. Experts simply do what they are told to do. 相似文献
963.
In a short-term longitudinal study, stories told about novel creatures conveyed information varying in its capability for differentiating. Depending on the context, a bodily feature could be functionally undifferentiated (FUF), meaning that its subtypes (e.g., eyes of two forms) shared a generic function (“seeing”), or functionally differentiated (FDF), meaning that each subtype’s function was unique to it (e.g., only a “hooded eye” could “see in a sandstorm”). 5- to 6-year-olds who heard 8 stories, but not those who heard only 4, cited FDFs more than FUFs in a pair-justification test of judged similarity; and their delayed recall of specific story events was greater when FDFs rather than FUFs were involved. In the absence of direct instruction, young children show sensitivity to the degree of differentiation afforded by feature-function relations. 相似文献
964.
The notion that memory for music can be preserved in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has been raised by a number of
case studies. In this paper, we review the current research examining musical memory in patients with AD. In keeping with
models of memory described in the non-musical domain, we propose that various forms of musical memory exist, and may be differentially
impaired in AD, reflecting the pattern of neuropathological changes associated with the condition. Our synthesis of this literature
reveals a dissociation between explicit and implicit musical memory functions. Implicit, specifically procedural musical memory,
or the ability to play a musical instrument, can be spared in musicians with AD. In contrast, explicit musical memory, or
the recognition of familiar or unfamiliar melodies, is typically impaired. Thus, the notion that music is unforgettable in
AD is not wholly supported. Rather, it appears that the ability to play a musical instrument may be unforgettable in some
musicians with AD. 相似文献
965.
Doctored images can cause people to believe in and remember experiences that never occurred, yet the underlying mechanism(s) responsible are not well understood. How does compelling false evidence distort autobiographical memory? Subjects were filmed observing and copying a Research Assistant performing simple actions, then they returned 2 days later for a memory test. Before taking the test, subjects viewed video-clips of simple actions, including actions that they neither observed nor performed earlier. We varied the format of the video-clips between-subjects to tap into the source-monitoring mechanisms responsible for the ‘doctored-evidence effect.’ The distribution of belief and memory distortions across conditions suggests that at least two mechanisms are involved: doctored images create an illusion of familiarity, and also enhance the perceived credibility of false suggestions. These findings offer insight into how external evidence influences source-monitoring. 相似文献
966.
Steven Masley Richard Roetzheim Thomas Gualtieri 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(2):186-193
Introduction Physical activity is believed to prevent cognitive decline and may enhance frontal lobe activity. Methods Subjects were 91 healthy adults enrolled in a wellness center. Over a 10 week intervention, controls were aerobically active
0–2 days per week. Half the intervention group was active 3–4 days/week and half 5–7 days/week. Outcome measures included
memory, mental speed, reaction time, attention, and cognitive flexibility. Results Neurocognitive data were analyzed by repeated measures comparing minimal aerobic exercise (the control group) to moderate
aerobic exercise (3–4 days/week), and to high aerobic exercise (5–7 days/week). Initial analyses noted significant improvements
in mental speed (p = .03), attention (p = .047), and cognitive flexibility (p = .002). After controlling for age, gender, education, and changes in psychomotor speed, only cognitive flexibility still
showed significant improvements (p = .02). Conclusion Over a 10 week period, increasing frequency of aerobic activity was shown to be associated with enhanced cognitive performance,
in particular cognitive flexibility, a measure of executive function. 相似文献
967.
Kazuo Fujita 《Animal cognition》2009,12(4):575-585
Whereas evidence for metacognition by nonhuman primates has been obtained in great apes and old world monkeys, it is weaker
in new world monkeys. For instance, capuchin monkeys may fail to recognize their own knowledge of the location of invisible
bait. In the present study, we tested whether tufted capuchin monkeys would flexibly change their behavior in a delayed matching-to-sample
(DMTS) test depending upon the strength of their memory trace of the sample. In Experiment 1, two monkeys were tested on a
modified 9-alternative DMTS task with various delays on a computerized display. In some trials, the monkeys could choose whether
to go for a memory test or for a simple key touch as an escape from the test. In other trials, they were forced to go for
the memory test. Both monkeys escaped from the memory test more often when their matching accuracy on forced tests was lower.
In one of the monkeys, the matching accuracies on chosen memory tests decreased more slowly as a function of delay length,
and were higher after long delays than those on forced memory tests. This suggests that at least one capuchin monkey was able
to recognize the strength of his own memory trace. Experiment 2 employed occasional no-sample tests, in which the monkeys
faced the task choice without presentation of any sample for the trial. The monkey who was successful in Experiment 1 declined
the memory test more often in no-sample trials than regular trials, further indicating metamemory in this individual. In Experiment
3, this successful monkey received a task, in which he was sometimes able to choose between shape MTS or texture MTS tasks.
However, his matching accuracies did not differ between chosen tasks and forced tasks. Thus, the metamemory possessed by this
new world monkey species may be more like a flag, showing strength of memory trace, than an elaborate representation showing
details of the memory trace. 相似文献
968.
Object permanence, the ability to mentally represent objects that have disappeared from view, should be advantageous to animals
in their interaction with the natural world. The objective of this study was to examine whether lemurs possess object permanence.
Thirteen adult subjects representing four species of diurnal lemur (Eulemur fulvus rufus, Eulemur mongoz, Lemur catta and Hapalemur griseus) were presented with seven standard Piagetian visible and invisible object displacement tests, plus one single visible test
where the subject had to wait predetermined times before allowed to search, and two invisible tests where each hiding place
was made visually unique. In all visible tests lemurs were able to find an object that had been in clear view before being
hidden. However, when lemurs were not allowed to search for up to 25-s, performance declined with increasing time-delay. Subjects
did not outperform chance on any invisible displacements regardless of whether hiding places were visually uniform or unique,
therefore the upper limit of object permanence observed was Stage 5b. Lemur species in this study eat stationary foods and
are not subject to stalking predators, thus Stage 5 object permanence is probably sufficient to solve most problems encountered
in the wild. 相似文献
969.
970.
Autobiographical memories contribute continuity and stability to one’s self yet they also are subject to change: they can be forgotten or be inconsistently remembered and reported. In the present research, we compared the consistency of two reports of recent and distant personal events in adolescents (12- to 14-year-olds) and young adults (18- to 23-year-olds). In line with expectations of greater mnemonic consistency among young adults relative to adolescents, adolescents reported the same events 80% of the time compared with 90% consistency among young adults; the significant difference disappeared after taking into consideration narrative characteristics of individual memories. Neither age group showed high levels of content consistency (30% vs. 36%); young adults were more consistent than adolescents even after controlling for other potential predictors of content consistency. Adolescents and young adults did not differ in consistency of estimating when their past experiences occurred. Multilevel modelling indicated that the level of thematic coherence of the initial memory report and ratings of event valence significantly predicted memory consistency at the level of the event. Thematic coherence was a significant negative predictor of content consistency. The findings suggest a developmental progression in the robustness and stability of personal memories between adolescence and young adulthood. 相似文献