恢复高考30余年来中学生学习状况的历史回顾

自1977年恢复高考30余年来,我国中学生的学习状况随着一次又一次的教育改革发生了许多变化.该文就我国恢复高考30余年来中学生学习的基本状况简单地进行了历史回顾,包括中学生的课内学习情况,中学生的课外学习情况,中学生的学习兴趣与动机,中学生的作业与考试,中学生的学习负担与心理状态等.文章认为,尽管有关各方采取了多种措施,但中学生的学习负担有增无减、学习状况令人堪忧;改善中学生学习状况的理论探讨和实证研究刻不容缓.     

Introduction to Special Services in the Schools

No abstract available for this article.     

Retrieval practice and retention of course content in a middle school science classroom

We investigated the effect of retrieval practice (i.e., the use of testing to enhance learning) by middle school students on science learning in an authentic educational setting. For initial study, all students (n = 39) read a science text and made study notes about the text, a regular study activity in their course. For restudy (2 days later), students either copied their notes or did retrieval practice. For the final test (an additional 2 days later), all students did a recall task from memory. Students in the retrieval practice condition showed better retention of information than students in the copy condition. These results add to a growing body of research on the use of retrieval practice as an effective learning tool for retention within authentic school settings.     

Participatory Action Research (PAR) in Middle School: Opportunities, Constraints, and Key Processes

Late childhood and early adolescence represent a critical transition in the developmental and academic trajectory of youth, a time in which there is an upsurge in academic disengagement and psychopathology. PAR projects that can promote youth's sense of meaningful engagement in school and a sense of efficacy and mattering can be particularly powerful given the challenges of this developmental stage. In the present study, we draw on data from our own collaborative implementation of PAR projects in secondary schools to consider two central questions: (1) How do features of middle school settings and the developmental characteristics of the youth promote or inhibit the processes, outcomes, and sustainability of the PAR endeavor? and (2) How can the broad principles and concepts of PAR be effectively translated into specific intervention activities in schools, both within and outside of the classroom? In particular, we discuss a participatory research project conducted with 6th and 7th graders at an urban middle school as a means of highlighting the opportunities, constraints, and lessons learned in our efforts to contribute to the high‐quality implementation and evaluation of PAR in diverse urban public schools.     

A Case Study of Participatory Action Research in a Public New England Middle School: Empowerment, Constraints and Challenges

PAR recognizes teachers and students as co-creators in a learning process that builds self-efficacy essential to long-term educational success. In enabling contexts, PAR projects also allow teachers to critically deconstruct societal power, examine how these dynamics are reproduced in the classroom, and work against the silencing of student voices. This case study describes the process of implementing an inquiry-based PAR model into a formal urban middle school program intended to reduce drop out rates. The anthropologist/researchers employed participant observation, interviews, and review of student work to explore the dynamics, challenges, and constraints confronted during the process. The intervention demonstrated the gap between practice and theory in a middle school environment marked by well-defined hierarchies and roles as well as high-stakes testing.     

中小学教师职业生涯高原现象的特征及相关因素

对428名中小学教师的职业生涯高原现象及其影响因素进行调查,分析当前中小学教师职业生涯高原现象的特征,探索其形成的影响因素并编制了三个教师职业生涯高原影响因素量表,分别为职业情感量表、背景支持量表、社会压力量表。研究结果表明自编的三个教师职业生涯高原影响因素量表具有较好的信、效度;相关分析表明教师职业生涯高原与职业情感、背景支持、社会压力显著相关;回归模型的比较表明,教师的职业情感对教师职业生涯高原的形成影响最大,其次是社会压力、背景支持;教师职业情感在背景支持和社会压力对教师职业生涯高原形成的影响中起着部分中介的作用。     

论管仲学派生态伦理思想的层次结构

管仲学派把天、地、人看作是一个以"道"为根据和调节机制的有机系统,认为天地人遵循着共同的基本生存法则,由此阐述了以"人与天调"、"天人相因"为基础的生态存在论。《管子》一书以"道为物要"的价值观为总依据,把自然现象道德化,根据人类道德与自然万物的内在依存关系,提出"德润万物"的生态伦理命题;揭示了自然现象的属性与人的能力品质的一致性,主张入世行为要遵循以"人与天调"、"德润万物"、"时之处事"为中心的伦理原则,并提出了取用有度的生态伦理规范,即合理利用,开发有度;依时禁放,顺天应人;宽猛并济,令行禁止;多管齐下,综合治理。管仲学派的生态伦理思想与其政治思想是紧密结合的,直接服务于治国安邦、发展经济和满足民众需求,它开创了中国生态伦理思想史的先河。