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131.
We introduce a latent actual–ideal discrepancy (LAID) approach based on structural equation models (SEMs) with multiple indicators and empirically weighted variables. In Study 1, we demonstrate with simulated data, the superiority of a weighted approach to discrepancy in comparison to a classic unweighted one. In Study 2, we evaluate the effects of actual and ideal appearance on physical self‐concept and self‐esteem. Actual appearance contributes positively to physical self‐concept and self‐esteem, whereas ideal appearance contributes negatively. In support of multidimensional perspective, actual‐ and ideal‐appearance effects on self‐esteem are substantially—but not completely—mediated by physical self‐concept. Whereas this pattern of results generalises across gender and age, multiple‐group invariance tests show that the effect of actual appearance on physical self‐concept is larger for women than for men. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
132.
Susan A. Banducci Jeffrey A. Karp Michael Thrasher Colin Rallings 《Political psychology》2008,29(6):903-917
In low‐information elections, voters are often faced with the task of choosing from a list of unknown candidates. By examining a set of low‐information elections where candidate photographs were displayed on the ballot, we test how first impressions of candidates can influence election outcomes. We find that attractive candidates are more likely to be attributed the qualities associated with successful politicians and these trait inferences, based on facial appearances, influence the outcomes of elections. We also find that these trait inferences are based on physical characteristics of the candidates, such as age, race and ethnicity, evident from a photograph. Therefore, first impressions can be important determinants of election outcomes, especially in low‐information elections. 相似文献
133.
Contribution of facial and vocal cues in the still-face response of 4-month-old infants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The contribution of contingent facial and vocal information in the still-face effect was investigated. Four-month-old infants either saw and heard their mother, only saw their mother, or only heard their mother interacting with them. These interaction periods were followed by the cessation of the mother's interactive face and/or voice. Only infants who observed their mother's face become still and neutral, showed a still-face effect by decreasing their visual attention and positive affect. The findings provide further support that the mother's interactive voice does not contribute to the still-face effect. The developing sensitivity to vocal information in dyadic and triadic contexts is discussed. 相似文献
134.
Johannes Rojahn Nirbhay N. Singh Subhashni D. Singh Jeri A. Baker Melissa A. Lawrence Charles M. Davis 《Journal of child and family studies》2002,11(2):203-215
We examined the concurrent validity properties of the Facial Discrimination Task (FDT), an instrument for the assessment of facial emotion recognition by comparing it with the widely used Pictures of Facial Affect (PFA). In Study 1, 100 adults with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses were administered items of the FDT Emotion Task, the FDT Age Task, and PFA. In Study 2, 25 normally developing preschool children were instructed to label happy, sad, or neutral facial expressions from the FDT and the PFA. Despite methodological differences between the two studies, very similar and high correlations were found between the FDT and the PFA overall correct scores (r = .79 and r = .77, respectively). The data suggest that the FDT and the PFA measure similar competencies in preschoolers and in adults with psychiatric disorders. This finding is important because it establishes the concurrent validity of the FDT in child and adult populations. 相似文献
135.
Many studies have used mirror-image stimulation in attempts to find self-recognition in monkeys. However, very few studies
have presented monkeys with video images of themselves; the present study is the first to do so with capuchin monkeys. Six
tufted capuchin monkeys were individually exposed to live face-on and side-on video images of themselves (experimental Phase
1). Both video screens initially elicited considerable interest. Two adult males looked preferentially at their face-on image,
whereas two adult females looked preferentially at their side-on image; the latter elicited lateral movements and head-cocking.
Only males showed communicative facial expressions, which were directed towards the face-on screen. In Phase 2 monkeys discriminated
between real-time, face-on images and identical images delayed by 1 s, with the adult females especially preferring real-time
images. In this phase both screens elicited facial expressions, shown by all monkeys. In Phase 3 there was no evidence of
discrimination between previously recorded video images of self and similar images of a familiar conspecific. Although they
showed no signs of explicit self-recognition, the monkeys’ behaviour strongly suggests recognition of the correspondence between
kinaesthetic information and external visual effects. In species such as humans and great apes, this type of self-awareness
feeds into a system that gives rise to explicit self-recognition. 相似文献
136.
Thibault P Gosselin P Brunel ML Hess U 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,102(3):360-367
Recently, Thibault and colleagues described the Duchenne marker as a cultural dialect for the perception of smile authenticity. The current study had the goal to follow up on this finding and to investigate the cues that French Canadian children use to evaluate the authenticity of smiles from members of three ethnic groups. The authenticity of six smiles differing in intensity and presence of orbicularis oculi (Duchenne marker) was rated by 1206 children from 4 to 17 years of age. No differences were found as a function of encoder group. All children perceived medium Duchenne smiles as more authentic than equally intense medium non-Duchenne smiles. Furthermore, results suggest a decrease in the reliance on intensity across the age span. Younger children use the intensity marker along the whole continuum to infer authenticity. In contrast, older children (14- to 17-year-olds) rated all smiles that did not contain the Duchenne marker as roughly equally low in authenticity. 相似文献
137.
Most previous studies investigating children’s ability to recognize facial expressions used only intense exemplars. Here we compared the sensitivity of 5-, 7-, and 10-year-olds with that of adults (n = 24 per age group) for less intense expressions of happiness, sadness, and fear. The developmental patterns differed across expressions. For happiness, by 5 years of age, children were as sensitive as adults even to low intensities. For sadness, by 5 years of age, children were as accurate as adults in judging that the face was expressive (i.e., not neutral), but even at 10 years of age, children were more likely to misjudge it as fearful. For fear, children’s thresholds were not adult-like until 10 years of age, and children often confused it with sadness at 5 years of age. For all expressions, including even happy expressions, 5- and 7-year-olds were less accurate than adults in judging which of two expressions was more intense. Together, the results indicate that there is slow development of accurate decoding of subtle facial expressions. 相似文献
138.
Luigi Castelli Luciana Carraro Claudia Ghitti Massimiliano Pastore 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(5):1152-1155
Previous research demonstrated that inferences of competence from the face are good predictors of electoral outcomes [Todorov, A., Mandisoza, A. N., Gore, A., & Hall, C. C. (2005). Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes. Science, 308, 1623-1626]. In the current work we examined the role of another key dimension in social perception, namely perceived sociability. Results showed that people considered both competence and sociability, as inferred from the face, as related to higher chances of winning the elections. A different pattern emerged in relation to the actual electoral outcomes. Indeed, perceived competence was related to higher chances of winning, whereas perceived sociability was negatively related to electoral success. It is thus shown that these two fundamental dimensions in social perception exert opposite effects on voting behaviors. 相似文献
139.
Research considering the effect of Presidential speech making style shows individuals are likely to attend to and be emotionally
affected by the facial expressions of leaders, especially those that are inappropriate for the context. In this study we tested
how rapid and subtle expressions of facial affect (i.e., expressions of less than one-second, often termed micro-expressions)
in speeches by a political leader impacts participants’ emotional state. We do this by removing seven brief expressions (less
than one-second) from a nearly twelve minute televised speech by President George H. W. Bush concerning the 1990 commitment
of US military in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. FACS coding identified all these expressions as containing a component
of smiling (lip corner puller: AU12), in some cases with the addition of other facial movements (sometimes associated with
anger and/or disgust). Experiments carried out on 206 university undergraduates showed emotional state was altered as a result
of these micro-expressions when the control (unaltered speech) and experimental group (micro-expressions removed from speech)
were compared. Specifically, participants who viewed the micro-expressions felt less threatened and less angry. Thus, facial
expression (even very brief micro-expressions) can have a significant impact on the receiver of a political speech.
相似文献
Patrick A. StewartEmail: |
140.
There is considerable evidence that individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience problems interpreting the emotional state of others. However, the functional implications of these changes have not been fully investigated. A study of 13 individuals with severe TBI and an equal number of matched controls found that TBI participants had significantly more difficulty interpreting facial expression and matching emotions to social situations. A significant relationship was also established between social integration and ability to interpret facial expression for TBI participants. These results support the inclusion of therapy targeting this area within rehabilitation programs for individuals with TBI. 相似文献