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The study was designed to explore the effects of naturally occurring peer interactions and repeated suggestive interviews on preschoolers' (N=96, Meanage=54 months) memories for a personally experienced event, namely a staged archaeological dig. During the dig, one third of the children witnessed two "target" activities. A second third of the children were the classmates of those in the first group, but did not witness the target activities. The remaining children were not the classmates of those who witnessed the target activities, nor did they witness the target activities themselves, and thus served to provide a baseline against which to assess the effects of peer contact. Following the dig, the children were interviewed in either a neutral or suggestive manner on three occasions. Results from a fourth interview by a new examiner revealed that the combination of suggestive interviews and peer exposure led to claims of witnessing the target activities by the classmate group that were comparable to the children who actually did witness these activities. Further, assent rates to misleading questions employing peer pressure and false claims of actually seeing versus merely hearing about the target activities were elevated following opportunities to discuss these activities with peers. 相似文献
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The present study compared 3- and 5-year-olds' reports of a true or false play interaction following repeated interviews. Final interviews were conducted either by the same researcher or by a new researcher. Age-related improvements in performance were evident. Also, 3-year-olds questioned repeatedly about an entirely false event made more errors in response to specific questions than 3-year-olds questioned repeatedly about false details of a true event. Five-year-olds who were questioned about the false event, however, were particularly accurate when answering questions about never-experienced body touch. Interviewer familiarity was associated with decreases in the amount of narrative detail 5-year-olds provided in free-recall and with increases in 3-year-olds' accuracy in response to direct questions. Both errors and response latency on a cognitive matching task were related to children's suggestibility. 相似文献
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Three experiments examined reminiscence and hypermnesia in 5- and 6-year-olds' memory for an event across repeated interviews that occurred either immediately afterward (Experiment 1) or after a 6-month delay (Experiments 2 and 3). Reminiscence (recall of new information) was reliably obtained in all of the experiments, although the numbers of new items recalled were fewer after a delay than when the interviews occurred immediately afterward. Hypermnesia (increasing total recall over repeated recall attempts) was obtained only in Experiment 1 when interviews occurred immediately and 24 h after the event. 相似文献
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《Journal of applied research in memory and cognition》2016,5(1):21-33
There has been a recent surge of interest in analyzing the results of eyewitness identification experiments using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Proponents of this approach have argued not only that ROC analyses are useful but that more traditional approaches are deficient and should not be used. Three arguments might be made for why researchers would prefer ROC approaches over other techniques. The first is that ROC analyses can provide an index of underlying memory discriminability. The second is that ROC analyses provide useful information about the practical utility of identification procedures. The third is that ROC analyses are useful for testing theory. In this article, I critically examine each of these arguments and conclude that recent claims that ROC methods provide the only justifiable method of comparing identification procedures are overstated. 相似文献
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Deliberative or discursive models of democracy have recently enjoyed a revival in both political theory and policy practice.
Against the picture of democracy as a procedure for aggregating and effectively meeting the given preference of individuals,
deliberative theory offers a model of democracy as a forum through which judgements and preferences are formed and altered
through reasoned dialogue between free and equal citizens. Much in the recent revival of deliberative democracy, especially
that which comes through Habermas and Rawls, has Kantian roots. Deliberative institutions are embodiments of the free public
use of reason that Kant takes to define the enlightenment project. Within the Kantian model the public use of reason is incompatible
with the use of rhetoric. While this paper rejects strong rhetorical criticisms of deliberative democracy which render all
communication strategic, it argues that rhetorical studies of deliberation have highlighted features of deliberation which
point to significant weaknesses in Kantian approaches to it. Two features are of particular importance: the role of testimony
and judgements of credibility in deliberation; and the role of appeal to emotions in public discourse. Both from the Kantian
perspective are potential sources of heteronomy. However, the appeal to testimony and emotion are features of public deliberation
that cannot and should not be eliminated. For those committed to the enlightenment values that underlie the deliberative model
of democracy the question is whether these rhetorical features of deliberation are incompatible with those values. The paper
argues that they are compatible. It does so by defending an Aristotelian account of rhetoric in public deliberation which
denies the Platonic contrast between reasoned discourse and rhetoric which the Kantian model inherits.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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