Predictors of preschool language environments and their relations to children's vocabulary

Despite support for the importance of early language environments, little is known about the naturally occurring experiences children have in preschool settings. The current study sample included 91 children (M_age = 4.72 years; 56% male; 67% White) from 23 preschool classrooms and nearly 1500 h of language environment data from three waves throughout the preschool year. Of the sociodemographic characteristics, family income is most closely related to children's preschool language environments. A standard deviation increase in family income was related to children hearing approximately one million more adult words in their preschool classroom. However, conversational turns were the more robust predictor of vocabulary skills with effect sizes around 0.20, depending on model specification. Theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.     

汉语儿童语素意识与词汇知识的双向关系:一项追踪研究

以399名小学一、三、五年级学生为被试,进行为期一年的追踪研究,通过分层回归,系统考察了汉语儿童同音、同形和复合三类语素意识与词汇知识的双向关系。结果发现:(1)儿童语素意识和词汇知识随时间均有显著增长;(2)控制词汇知识的自回归效应后,一年级儿童的同音和复合语素意识对其二年级的词汇知识、三年级儿童的复合语素意识对其四年级的词汇知识、五年级儿童的同形和复合语素意识对其六年级的词汇知识有显著的预测作用;(3)分别控制三类语素意识的自回归效应后,一年级和五年级儿童的词汇知识可以显著预测其二年级和六年级的三类语素意识,三年级儿童的词汇知识对其四年级的同形和复合语素意识有显著预测作用。结果表明汉语儿童语素意识与词汇知识存在双向关系,且不同类型的语素意识与词汇知识的关系随年级的升高呈现规律性的变化。     

从摩梭人的词汇看人类概念的发展

通过调查摩梭人的词汇研究人类概念的发展。摩梭人到本世纪七十年代还盛行母系家 庭,至今没有文字。调查方法是从小学汉语文课本中选出一批常用词汇,把当地摩梭和汉两种 语文水平最高的几个知识分子请到一起,逐词逐字地共同讨论,核实提供调查的词汇在摩梭 语中是否有对应词。不论有无对应词均以全体同意为准。结果表明,摩梭人词汇数量较少,范 围较窄,概括和具体化的程度都不高。作者认为,由摩梭词汇标志的概念发展状况,可作人类 概念发展早期的一个例证。     

Influence of oral language and phonological awareness on children's bilingual reading

The purpose of this study was to assess the roles of oral language and phonological awareness on reading performance in grade 3 bilingual students. Several hierarchical models assessed the best predictors of third grade English and Spanish word attack, word identification and reading comprehension. Predictor variables were measures of phonological awareness, expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, and syntax in both English and Spanish. The results showed that within language contributions of expressive vocabulary and syntax best predicted literacy when compared to phonological awareness measures.     

Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms?

Emotion dysregulation is thought to be critical to the development of negative psychological outcomes. Gross (1998b) conceptualized the timing of regulation strategies as key to this relationship, with response-focused strategies, such as expressive suppression, as less effective and more detrimental compared to antecedent-focused ones, such as cognitive reappraisal. In the current study, we examined the relationship between reappraisal and expressive suppression and measures of psychopathology, particularly for stress-related reactions, in both undergraduate and trauma-exposed community samples of women. Generally, expressive suppression was associated with higher, and reappraisal with lower, self-reported stress-related symptoms. In particular, expressive suppression was associated with PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms in the trauma-exposed community sample, with rumination partially mediating this association. Finally, based on factor analysis, expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal appear to be independent constructs. Overall, expressive suppression, much more so than cognitive reappraisal, may play an important role in the experience of stress-related symptoms. Further, given their independence, there are potentially relevant clinical implications, as interventions that shift one of these emotion regulation strategies may not lead to changes in the other.     

新编大学生性别角色量表揭示性别角色变迁

性别角色代表个人的社会性别, 对个人乃至整个民族素质的发展有重要意义。随着时代的变化, 当代大学生的性别角色观与性别角色也发生着变化。由于已有的性别角色测量工具多年来没有修订, 因此, 对当代大学生性别角色的测量亟需一个对发展变化敏感的有效测量工具。本研究根据性别角色研究的通行原则, 基于1700个相关词汇, 筛选出男女正性词各35个, 中性词20个。在386名大学生中初测结果显示, 男性化量表(16个题目)含领导力、男子气、理性、大度四个因子, 体现出男性的“工具性”特质; 女性化量表(16个题目)含同理心、女子气、勤俭心细三个因子, 反映出女性的“表达性”特质; 中性化量表则有18个题目。之后在全国5008名大学生中的复测表明, 该男性化量表内部一致性系数为0.89, 女性化量表为0.84; 两个量表的重测信度分别为0.82和0.80; 验证性因素分析显示该量表的结构效度良好, 他评效度和专家效度较高。与已有性别角色量表比较, 构成本量表的词汇有较大变化：男性化词汇体现的“理性化”特质反映出当代中国男性的特点; 女性化词汇虽仍以“表达性”特质为主, 但也体现了中国传统“勤俭心细”的特征。大样本调查发现, 当代大学生性别角色双性化、未分化和单性化群体数量各占约三分之一; 传统占优势的单性化已让位于非单性化; 理想的双性化与最差的未分化同步增长; 男性化比例男性高于女性, 女性化比例女性高于男性, 传统性别角色的影响减弱但依然存在。     

弱智儿童语言障碍调查研究

本研究从学前儿童常用的词汇及句法的理解和表达两个方面对 7至8岁的轻度、中度、重度共 85名弱智儿童的语言障碍作系统的调查 ,结果显示 :各组弱智儿童在语言的理解方面普遍比表达要好 ,并且在那些与日常生活联系较密切的词汇上作业成绩相对较好 ;不同智残程度的弱智儿童在语言障碍的具体表现上有不同的特点。     

老年期语义理解能力与空间定向能力的交叉滞后分析

来自北京三个社区的144位60~85岁的老年人参加了间隔时间为20个月的词语解释和心理旋转前后测测查,以考察语义理解能力在空间定向能力老化中的作用。运用重复测量方差分析、交叉滞后回归分析考察了两个变量上老年人在20个月期间发生的变化,以及两个变量间的因果关系。结果发现：(1)各年龄组老年人的语义理解能力均有下降,空间定向能力均有提高。(2)前测语义理解能力可预测后测空间定向能力。(3)不同语义理解能力水平的被试空间定向能力在前后测中的提高是相同的。     

Emotion Regulation: Antecedents and Well-Being Outcomes of Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression in Cross-Cultural Samples

Habitual emotional state is a predictor of long-term health and life expectancy and successful emotion regulation is necessary for adaptive functioning. However, people are often unsuccessful in regulating their emotions. We investigated the use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in 489 university students in Norway, Australia, and the United States and how these strategies related to measures of well-being (affect, life satisfaction, and depressed mood). Data was collected by means of selfadministered questionnaires. The major aims of the study were to begin to explore the prevalence of use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression across gender, age and culture, possible antecedents of emotion regulation strategies, and the influence of emotion regulation upon well-being. Results showed that the use of emotion regulation strategies varied across age, gender and culture. Private self-consciousness (self-reflection and insight) was found to be a central antecedent for the use of cognitive reappraisal. Use of emotion regulation strategies predicted well-being outcomes, also after the effect of extraversion and neuroticism had been controlled for. Generally, increased use of cognitive reappraisal predicted increased levels of positive well-being outcomes, while increased use of expressive suppression predicted increased levels of negative well-being outcomes.