Teaching practices to save America's schools: The legacy of B. F. Skinner

The research and practices found in behavior analysis and the behavioral models of instruction suggest a common set of effective teaching practices. Implementation of these practices could save our schools. They have implications for the students, parents, teachers, and supervisors in our schools. They are presented herein as standards for effective pedagogy and schooling from the viewpoints of students, parents, teachers, and supervisors. Indeed, they may be the necessary ingredients for adequate schooling. All of these practices are feasible now, and all of the parties involved in schooling stand to benefit from their implementation!     

REMEDIATION OF MUTUALLY AVERSIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A PROBLEM STUDENT AND FOUR TEACHERS BY TRAINING THE STUDENT IN REINFORCEMENT TECHNIQUES

This study tested the effect of a social reinforcement training procedure for a problem student on the verbal and nonverbal approval and disapproval of four of the student's teachers. A design incorporating aspects of a multiple baseline within an extended reversal design (ABABA) was employed. Data were taken on the four teachers' approval and disapproval of a student regarded as a major discipline problem and the target student's approval and disapproval of the four teachers during baseline 1, experimental condition 1, baseline 2, experimental condition 2, and a postcheck or baseline 3 condition six weeks after experimental condition 2. Results showed that increased student approval and decreased disapproval were attributable to training procedures. The increased student approval increased three of the four teachers' approval and decreased the disapproval of all four teachers. Six weeks after experimental condition 2, both approval and disapproval by three of the four teachers and the student and disapproval by all four teachers and the student remained changed over baseline conditions. Student and teacher approval and disapproval were highly correlated at statistically significant levels.     

Ethical and methodological aspects of medical computer data bases and knowledge bases

Ethical problems are related to computer data bases, containing data on individuals and groups of persons, as well as to computer knowledge bases, containing general rules and elements of expert systems.In the present essay the following conclusions are made regarding computer data bases: privacy, security, and confidentiality of medical computer data bases should be ensured. This duty should rest with physicians in hospitals. The principle of informed consent should be applied to gathering information which is to be stored and processed by computers. Information stored in computer data bases should not be used for purposes for which the subjects (patients as well as personnel) have not given their consent. In order to decrease the possibility of misuses of medical data bases containing information on individuals, these registers should not be linked to other central data bases.     

A learning system for adjustment processes based on human sensory perceptions

Creating, designing and adjusting products are essential decision processes underlying creative industries, such as painting, perfume, food and beverage industries. These processes require the participation and continuous supervision of professionals with highly-developed expert sensory abilities. Training of these experts is very complex due to the difficulty of transmitting intuitive knowledge obtained from perception. A new methodology for capturing this sensory expert knowledge that relies on a machine learning tool, previously trained with ‘state-action’ type patterns, jointly with an actions generator module, is proposed in this work. The method is based on a closed loop architecture together with the decomposition of complex sensory knowledge into basic elements capable of being handled by standard machine learning systems. A real case application to color-adjustment in the automotive paint manufacturing industry is presented showing the potential benefits of the method.     

Writing SMARTER goals for professional learning and improving classroom practices

Writing SMART Goals has recently become an integral part of the landscape of teacher professional learning in Australian schools, including both teacher professional development and performance management in classroom practices. This paper discusses the origins of SMART Goals and the diverse terms and definitions associated with such goal setting. Anecdotal evidence suggests that for some teachers, writing personal, professional or teaching and learning goals may be a daunting task. For school leadership teams, these goals often are the basis for operationalising school improvement over time. We make a case for clarity with SMART Goals within the context of each school, as interpreted and supported by school principals and leadership teams working with their staff. This paper concludes with some tentative suggestions for school leaders intended to improve SMART Goals, and teacher professional learning, over time. We hope this clarification and our suggestions support writing more effective learning goals for both teachers and students over time.     

成就目标与教师效能感、焦虑、工作投入的关系：基于变量中心和个体中心的视角

基于变量中心和个体中心的双重视角,考察1877名教师的成就目标与其效能感、焦虑和工作投入间的关系。结果显示：（1）掌握、表现趋近目标正向预测而表现回避目标负向预测工作投入,教师效能感、焦虑、教师效能感-焦虑在成就目标与工作投入间具有中介作用;（2）潜在剖面分析识别了五类不同的教师成就目标剖面,即掌握型、低掌握低趋近型、低掌握中等趋近型、高混合型、平均型,其中掌握型适应性最佳且占比最多;（3）教师效能感、焦虑、教师效能感-焦虑在成就目标剖面与工作投入间具有显著的中介作用。     

回合式教学法的有效学习：来自自闭症儿童职前教师的证据

使用异步培训技术自主学习循证教育干预方法,或可帮助自闭症儿童职前教师应对新时代自闭症儿童融合教育高质量发展带来的挑战。采用3个实验探究了自闭症儿童职前教师在3种学习材料呈现方式下对回合式教学法的自主学习效果。结果发现,学习材料呈现方式对自闭症儿童职前教师自主学习回合式教学法的效果有显著影响：“字幕+画面+声音解说”组成的视听双通道材料——真实教学视频下的学习效果最好,“文本+图像”组成的PPT材料比同属视觉单通道材料的Word文本更有优势。结果表明,无论是在知识层面的学习(实验1、2和3),还是在实操层面的忠诚度提升(实验3),学习内容以视听双通道方式呈现时,自闭症儿童职前教师的自主学习效果最好。