Effects of realism on extended violent and nonviolent video game play on aggressive thoughts,feelings, and physiological arousal

Previous research has shown that playing violent video game exposure can increase aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings, and physiological arousal. This study compared the effects that playing a realistic violent, unrealistic violent, or nonviolent video game for 45 min has on such variables. For the purpose of this study, realism was defined as the probability of seeing an event in real life. Participants (N=74; 39 male, 35 female) played either a realistic violent, unrealistic violent, or nonviolent video game for 45 min. Aggressive thoughts and aggressive feelings were measured four times (every 15 min), whereas arousal was measured continuously. The results showed that, though playing any violent game stimulated aggressive thoughts, playing a more realistic violent game stimulated significantly more aggressive feelings and arousal over the course of play. Aggr. Behav. 35:213–224, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

语法启动与言语产生中的语法表征

通过对语法启动研究的总结,对言语产生过程中语法编码过程进行了研究,说明了Pickering和Branigan提出的网络模型可以很好地描述言语产生中语法加工的过程。尤其是在产生大于一个词汇的短语或句子时,存在词条层关联节点的激活。关联节点可以编码语法规则,与言语产生过程中的语法加工直接相关     

情绪体验影响估算策略运用的认知与脑机制

揭示情绪体验影响个体完成各种认知任务的认知神经机制是研究者关注的热点问题。以往研究主要采用问卷法和行为实验, 集中考察了焦虑对估算策略运用的影响, 但这种影响潜在的脑机制尚不清楚, 对焦虑以外的情绪体验与估算策略运用之间关系的研究也极其缺乏, 而情绪调节对估算策略运用影响方面的研究基本处于空白。本研究将采用面孔表情图片作为情绪刺激材料, 结合事件相关电位(event related potential, ERP)技术, 采用启动范式, 尝试从外显和内隐两个角度, 考察不同效价的情绪体验在估算策略运用过程中所起的作用, 进而揭示情绪调节影响估算策略执行的时间动态特征和大脑激活模式。这将有助于充分认识情绪体验影响估算策略运用的认知与脑机制, 为更好的优化估算策略运用效果提供实证依据。     

语义启动模型以及启动范围

启动效应一般分为两种——知觉启动和语义启动(概念启动)。语义启动的范式逐渐成为研究语义知识在大脑中是如何存储的主要研究手段。该文针对语义启动发生的3种机制:激活扩散模型,复合线索模型和分布式记忆模型进行了简要的评述,并且重点介绍了分布式记忆模型。同时对启动效应可以激活语义知识的范围作了一个简要的概括。     

分心抑制的年龄差异

通过对负启动范式的说明,从年龄发展的角度对分心抑制作了理论上的探讨,介绍了几个有代表性的理论与假说,包括抑制衰退理论、多样化抑制系统模型和最佳测试时间假说;并从工作记忆能量与分心抑制的关系上探讨了基于年龄发展的资源依赖抑制模型和抑制控制假说。     

整体-局部范式下的负启动效应

在通常的负启动范式基础上 ,以小数字构成的大数字 ,即以同时具有整体特征和局部特征的复合数字为实验材料 ,采用数字命名任务 ,将刺激画面中复合数字的数目和注意指向作为变量进行实验。大学生充任被试。结果发现 ,在单个复合数字条件下对同一客体的非注意指向的特征进行忽略重复 ,注意整体时出现负启动 ,而注意局部时不出现负启动 ;在两个复合数字条件下对启动刺激中充当干扰项的复合数字进行忽略重复 ,则注意整体与注意局部都出现了负启动。该研究表明 ,在不同注意指向时 ,整体 -局部范式下的负启动效应具有知觉组织的层次性 ,并显示出客体内选择和客体间选择对负启动的不同影响。     

福至心灵：幸运感知对消费行为的影响及其理论解释

寻求幸运的行为从古至今广泛存在于人类生活的方方面面,幸运感知如何影响消费行为的理论成果为消费研究领域做出了重要贡献。通过系统回顾相关文献发现,个体的幸运感知会对冒险行为、独特性寻求、传染效应、特定事物的态度和幸运消费产生影响。归因理论、人格特质理论、认知启动理论、反事实思维、社会比较理论、控制感理论和启发式决策可以用于解释幸运感知对消费行为的影响。未来研究应深化幸运感知影响消费行为的作用机制并拓展边界条件及其双向结果。     

Foveal-to-peripheral priming in letter identification reflects response bias, not enhanced visibility

Several studies have suggested that it might be easier to identify a letter when its replication is simultaneously presented in the visual display. We have measured identification accuracy for a memorized target letter that was shown in the peripheral field in two conditions in which a letter either identical or different in shape was flashed simultaneously at fixation. The results of three forced-choice experiments showed that, contrary to Geiger and Lettvin's (1986) previous findings, an identity prime did not improve the visibility of a temporally backward masked target letter. However, the foveal prime letter could apparently bias the subject's decision so that he/she was much more ready to report the more visible prime letter as the peripheral target.     

The Effect of Non-conscious Perception of Frequent Stimuli on Credibility Judgement

The aim of the work presented here is to investigate the effects of mere-exposure to familiar and unfamiliar stimuli (as primes) on credibility judgement about sentences unrelated to the primes. These target sentences are presented just after the prime. In all, 124 students participated in 3 priming experiments. The nature of the primes (both infraliminary and supraliminary) is different in each experiment: we used public vs. unknown faces, exposed vs. unexposed faces, and objects vs. nonobjects. Primes were presented for 50msec or 400msec. After the presentation of each prime, subjects had to judge the credibility of an assertion; its ambiguity has previously been tested with 100 subjects. The results show that assertions which follow familiar primes (public faces, exposed faces, or objects) are granted more credibility that those which follow unfamiliar primes (unknown faces or nonobjects). This effect is observed especially when presentation time is 50msec.     

再认的两种机制及其与启动效应的关系

通过两个实验对两种再认所涉及的心理机制及其与启动效应的关系进行探讨。实验一用高频字和低频字作实验材料,分别测量集中注意和分散注意条件下,两种再认的成绩。结果表明：学习阶段的注意分散使以提取为基础的再认成绩下降,对以熟悉性为基础的再认成绩没有影响。低频字以熟悉性为基础的再认优于高频字,但字频对以提取为基础的再认没有影响。实验二分别测量两种再认项目的补笔正确率。结果表明：以熟悉性为基础的再认的补笔正确率显著高于以提取为基础的再认的补笔正确率。据此可以推论：两种再认可能有不同的心理机制。以提取为基础的再认属于有意识记忆的范畴,以熟悉性为基础的再认属于无意识记忆的范畴。后者和启动效应的心理基础可能是共同的。