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51.
Kelly Becker 《Philosophical Studies》2008,139(3):353-366
Epistemic luck has been the focus of much discussion recently. Perhaps the most general knowledge-precluding type is veritic
luck, where a belief is true but might easily have been false. Veritic luck has two sources, and so eliminating it requires
two distinct conditions for a theory of knowledge. I argue that, when one sets out those conditions properly, a solution to
the generality problem for reliabilism emerges.
相似文献
Kelly BeckerEmail: |
52.
Dorit Ganson 《Philosophical Studies》2008,139(3):441-458
Evidentialism is the view that facts about whether or not an agent is justified in having a particular belief are entirely
determined by facts about the agent’s evidence; the agent’s practical needs and interests are irrelevant. I examine an array
of arguments against evidentialism (by Jeremy Fantl, Matthew McGrath, David Owens, and others), and demonstrate how their
force is affected when we take into account the relation between degrees of belief and outright belief. Once we are sensitive
to one of the factors that secure thresholds for outright believing (namely, outright believing that p in a given circumstance
requires, at the minimum, that one’s degree of belief that p is high enough for one to be willing to act as if p in the circumstances),
we see how pragmatic considerations can be relevant to facts about whether or not an agent is justified in believing that
p—but largely as a consequence of the pragmatic constraints on outright believing.
相似文献
Dorit GansonEmail: |
53.
Boudewijn de Bruin 《Synthese》2008,163(1):79-97
Using epistemic logic, we provide a non-probabilistic way to formalise payoff uncertainty, that is, statements such as ‘player
i has approximate knowledge about the utility functions of player j.’ We show that on the basis of this formalisation common knowledge of payoff uncertainty and rationality (in the sense of
excluding weakly dominated strategies, due to Dekel and Fudenberg (1990)) characterises a new solution concept we have called
‘mixed iterated strict weak dominance.’ 相似文献
54.
The design of complex multi-agent systems is increasingly having to confront the possibility that agents may not behave as they are supposed to. In addition to analysing the properties that hold if protocols are followed correctly, it is also necessary to predict, test, and verify the properties that would hold if these protocols were to be violated. We illustrate how the formal machinery of deontic interpreted systems can be applied to the analysis of such problems by considering three variations of the bit transmission problem. The first, an example in which an agent may fail to do something it is supposed to do, shows how we deal with violations of protocols and specifications generally. The second, an example in which an agent may do something it is not supposed to do, shows how it is possible to specify and analyse remedial or error-recovery procedures. The third combines both kinds of faults and introduces a new component into the system, a controller, whose role is to enforce compliance with the protocol. In each case the formal analysis is used to test whether critical properties of the system are compromised, in this example, the reliable communication of information from one agent to the other. 相似文献
55.
This is the first of two companion papers describing concepts and techniques of a mentalization‐based approach to understanding and managing family violence. We review evidence that attachment difficulties, sudden high levels of arousal, and poor affect control contribute to a loss of mentalizing capacity, which, in turn, undermines social learning and can favor the transgenerational transmission of violent interaction patterns. It is suggested that physically violent acts are only possible if mentalizing is temporarily inhibited or decoupled. However, being mentalized in the context of attachment relationships in the family generates epistemic trust within the family unit and reduces the likelihood of family violence. The implications of this framework for therapeutic work with families are discussed. 相似文献
56.
信念修正问题是一个富有活力的,正在发展的研究主题。这个主题包括了一大批背景不同、形态各异的理论。阿尔罗若(C.E.Alchourron)、加德福斯(P.Gardenfors)和梅金森(D.Markinson)共同建立的信念修正理论(简称AGM理论)是其中形成比较早的、影响最大的理论。本文说明信念修正的基本概念,并且对AGM理论进行述评. 相似文献
57.
The goal of this research was to investigate the extent to which young children use the past reliability of another person’s statements to make inferences about the accuracy of that person’s claims about a hidden toy. When children interacted with a previously reliable speaker, both 30- and 36-month-olds searched in the new location of the toy, in line with the speaker’s statement. When children interacted with an unreliable speaker, the 36-month-olds were less likely to rely on her false statement and instead searched either in the original location of the toy or in a neutral location. The 30-month-olds, however, searched in the location indicated by the speaker even when the speaker was unreliable. These results show that by 36 months of age, children begin to use reliability in processing a speaker’s episodic claims and can flexibly update their representations of absent objects depending on the reliability of the speaker. 相似文献
58.
This paper addresses a problem for theories of epistemic democracy. In a decision on a complex issue which can be decomposed
into several parts, a collective can use different voting procedures: Either its members vote on each sub-question and the
answers that gain majority support are used as premises for the conclusion on the main issue (premise based-procedure, pbp), or the vote is conducted on the main issue itself (conclusion-based procedure, cbp). The two procedures can lead to different results. We investigate which of these procedures is better as a truth-tracker,
assuming that there exists a true answer to be reached. On the basis of the Condorcet jury theorem, we show that the pbp is universally superior if the objective is to reach truth for the right reasons. If one instead is after truth for whatever
reasons, right or wrong, there will be cases in which the cbp is more reliable, even though, for the most part, the pbp still is to be preferred. 相似文献
59.
60.
Whether psychopathic offenders are practically rational has attracted philosophical attention. The problem is relevant in theoretical discussions in moral psychology and in discussions concerning the appropriate social response to the crimes of these individuals. We argue that classical and current experiments concerning the instrumental learning in psychopaths cannot directly support the conclusion that they have impaired instrumental rationality, construed as the ability to transfer motivation by means-ends reasoning. We claim that these experiments appear to show that psychopaths in certain circumstances are not aware of the relevant means for their ends. Moreover, we suggest how further empirical research could help to settle the issue. 相似文献