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161.
Kerri Woods 《Res Publica》2009,15(1):53-66
This article reassess Rorty’s contribution to human rights theory. It addresses two key questions: (1) Does Rorty sustain his claim that there are no morally relevant transcultural facts? (2) Does Rorty’s proposed sentimental education offer an adequate response to contemporary human rights challenges? Although both questions are answered in the negative, it is argued here that Rorty’s focus on suffering, sympathy, and security, offer valuable resources to human rights theorists. The article concludes by considering the idea of a dual approach to human rights, combining Rorty’s emphasis on sentiment with an analysis of patterns of responsibility for the underfulfilment of human rights. 相似文献
162.
Wendy Johnson Eric Turkheimer Irving I. Gottesman Thomas J. Bouchard Jr. 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(4):217-220
ABSTRACT— The heritability of human behavioral traits is now well established, due in large measure to classical twin studies. We see little need for further studies of the heritability of individual traits in behavioral science, but the twin study is far from having outlived its usefulness. The existence of pervasive familial influences on behavior means that selection bias is always a concern in any study of the causal effects of environmental circumstances. Twin samples continue to provide new opportunities to identify causal effects with appropriate genetic and shared environmental controls. We discuss environmental studies of discordant twin pairs and twin studies of genetic and environmental transactions in this context. 相似文献
163.
Keith F. Widaman 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(1):48-52
ABSTRACT— Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn metabolic error in which metabolism of phenylalanine into tyrosine is disrupted. If the diet of an infant with PKU is not restricted, blood phenylalanine levels are elevated, leading to irremediable brain damage and severe mental retardation. Children with PKU who are placed early and continuously on a low-phenylalanine diet develop normal levels of intelligence, and brain damage is largely prevented. However, if the diet of a mother with PKU is unrestricted during her pregnancy, high phenylalanine levels in her blood can cross the placental barrier and damage the developing fetus in multiple ways. These results demonstrate how genes and environmental factors combine to create prenatal environments that can have profound effects on the growth and development of offspring during infancy and childhood. 相似文献
164.
165.
Stefanatos GA 《Neuropsychology review》2008,18(4):305-319
A significant proportion of children diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder experience a developmental regression characterized
by a loss of previously-acquired skills. This may involve a loss of speech or social responsitivity, but often entails both.
This paper critically reviews the phenomena of regression in autistic spectrum disorders, highlighting the characteristics
of regression, age of onset, temporal course, and long-term outcome. Important considerations for diagnosis are discussed
and multiple etiological factors currently hypothesized to underlie the phenomenon are reviewed. It is argued that regressive
autistic spectrum disorders can be conceptualized on a spectrum with other regressive disorders that may share common pathophysiological
features. The implications of this viewpoint are discussed. 相似文献
166.
Norton BG 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(4):581-592
A post-positivist understanding of ecological science and the call for an “ecological ethic” indicate the need for a radically
new approach to evaluating environmental change. The positivist view of science cannot capture the essence of environmental
sciences because the recent work of “reflexive” ecological modelers shows that this requires a reconceptualization of the
way in which values and ecological models interact in scientific process. Reflexive modelers are ecological modelers who believe
it is appropriate for ecologists to examine the motives for their choices in developing models; this self-reflexive approach
opens the door to a new way of integrating values into public discourse and to a more comprehensive approach to evaluating
ecological change. This reflexive building of ecological models is introduced through the transformative simile of Aldo Leopold,
which shows that learning to “think like a mountain” involves a shift in both ecological modeling and in values and responsibility.
An adequate, interdisciplinary approach to ecological valuation, requires a re-framing of the evaluation questions in entirely
new ways, i.e., a review of the current status of interdisciplinary value theory with respect to ecological values reveals
that neither of the widely accepted theories of environmental value—neither economic utilitarianism nor intrinsic value theory
(environmental ethics)—provides a foundation for an ecologically sensitive evaluation process. Thus, a new, ecologically sensitive,
and more comprehensive approach to evaluating ecological change would include an examination of the metaphors that motivate
the models used to describe environmental change.
相似文献
Bryan G. NortonEmail: |
167.
This paper uses chronic beryllium disease as a case study to explore some of the challenges for decision-making and some of
the problems for obtaining meaningful informed consent when the interpretation of screening results is complicated by their
probabilistic nature and is clouded by empirical uncertainty. Although avoidance of further beryllium exposure might seem
prudent for any individual whose test results suggest heightened disease risk, we will argue that such a clinical precautionary
approach is likely to be a mistake. Instead, advice on the interpretation of screening results must focus not on risk per
se, but on avoidable risk, and must be carefully tailored to the individual. These points are of importance for individual
decision-making, for informed consent, and for occupational health.
相似文献
Mark GreeneEmail: |
168.
The sense of agency concerns the experience of being the source of one’s own actions and their consequences. An altered sense of agency can occur due to task automation and in psychosis. We tested in a non-clinical sample the hypothesis that reducing voluntary task control diminishes intentional binding as an implicit indicator of the sense of agency, possibly interacting with psychosis-relevant personality traits. Agent-device interactions were manipulated obtaining positive-control (voluntary interaction), no-control (automation), and negative-control (device-commanded interaction) groups. The main results showed reduced prospective intentional binding (predictive coding of action consequences) in the no-control and negative-control groups, compared to the positive-control group. Psychosis-like experiences covaried positively with intentional binding in the no-control group, but negatively in the negative-control group. Moreover, positive-social traits were associated with increased intentional binding in the positive-control group. These findings demonstrate the interplay between environmental and individual differences variables in establishing the implicit sense of agency. 相似文献
169.
170.
The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether repeated cocaine exposure differentially affects sucrose-reinforced operant responding in rats raised in an enriched condition (EC) or an isolated condition (IC). Specifically, the performance of EC and IC rats pressing a lever for sucrose under a high fixed-ratio schedule (FR 30) prior to and after 10 days of exposure to cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline was compared. Regardless of rearing condition, rats repeatedly exposed to cocaine had shorter reacquisition latencies to complete a sucrose-reinforced FR 30 task than saline controls. The results suggest that cocaine exposure may have cross-sensitized both EC and IC rats to the reinforcing effects of sucrose or sucrose-associated cues, thus facilitating reacquisition of operant responding. 相似文献