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81.
Swanson JM Kinsbourne M Nigg J Lanphear B Stefanatos GA Volkow N Taylor E Casey BJ Castellanos FX Wadhwa PD 《Neuropsychology review》2007,17(1):39-59
Multiple theories of Attention-Deficit/Hyper- activity Disorder (ADHD) have been proposed, but one that has stood the test
of time is the dopamine deficit theory. We review the narrow literature from recent brain imaging and molecular genetic studies
that has improved our understanding of the role of dopamine in manifestation of symptoms of ADHD, performance deficits on
neuropsychological tasks, and response to stimulant medication that constitutes the most common treatment of this disorder.
First, we consider evidence of the presence of dopamine deficits based on the recent literature that (1) confirms abnormalities in dopamine-modulated frontal-striatal circuits, reflected
by size (smaller-than-average components) and function (hypoactivation); (2) clarifies the agonist effects of stimulant medication
on dopaminergic mechanisms at the synaptic and circuit level of analysis; and (3) challenges the most-widely accepted ADHD-related
neural abnormality in the dopamine system (higher-than-normal dopamine transporter [DAT] density). Second, we discuss possible
genetic etiologies of dopamine deficits based on recent molecular genetic literature, including (1) multiple replications that confirm the association of ADHD with
candidate genes related to the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and the DAT; (2) replication of differences in performance of neuropsychological
tasks as a function of the DRD4 genotype; and (3) multiple genome-wide linkage scans that demonstrate the limitations of this
method when applied to complex disorders but implicate additional genes that may contribute to the genetic basis of ADHD.
Third, we review possible environmental etiologies of dopamine deficits based on recent studies of (1) toxic substances that may affect the dopamine system in early development and contribute substantially
to the etiology of ADHD; (2) fetal adaptations in dopamine systems in response to stress that may alter early development
with lasting effects, as proposed by the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis; and (3) gene-environment
interactions that may moderate selective damage or adaptation of dopamine neurons. Based on these reviews, we identify critical
issues about etiologic subtypes of ADHD that may involve dopamine, discuss methods that could be used to address these issues,
and review old and new theories that may direct research in this area in the future. 相似文献
82.
Neuropsychological methods and techniques have much to offer in the evaluation of the individual suspected as having Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD). After a review of the historical evolution of the ADHD concept, incidence and prevalence, and DSM-IV criteria
for diagnosis, especially as regards omission related to gender differences, and other associated cultural, familial, socioenvironmental,
and subject influences, this paper describes a number of dilemmas and obstacles encountered in clinical practice. Included
are the confounds associated with the wide range of possible comorbidities, the insufficiency of current DSM-IV criteria,
the emergence of subtype differentiation and its impact on diagnosis and treatment. The complex relationship between neuropsychological
constructs and ADHD, and obstacles to valid assessment are also addressed. The complexities associated with a thorough ADHD
evaluation are viewed within an impressive and expansive existing scientific framework and recommendations are made for future
directions. 相似文献
83.
Robert L. Flewelling Joel W. Grube M. J. Paschall Anthony Biglan Anne Kraft Carol Black Sean M. Hanley Christopher Ringwalt Chris Wiesen Jeff Ruscoe 《American journal of community psychology》2013,51(1-2):264-277
Underage drinking continues to be an important public health problem and a challenge to the substance abuse prevention field. Community-based interventions designed to more rigorously control underage access to alcohol through retailer education and greater enforcement of underage drinking laws have been advocated as potentially effective strategies to help address this problem, but studies designed to evaluate such interventions are sparse. To address this issue we conducted a randomized trial involving 36 communities to test the combined effectiveness of five interrelated intervention components designed to reduce underage access to alcohol. The intervention was found to be effective in reducing the likelihood that retail clerks would sell alcohol to underage-looking buyers, but did not reduce underage drinking or the perceived availability of alcohol among high school students. Post hoc analyses, however, revealed significant associations between the level of underage drinking law enforcement in the intervention communities and reductions in both 30-day use of alcohol and binge drinking. The findings highlight the difficulty in reducing youth drinking even when efforts to curtail retail access are successful. Study findings also suggest that high intensity implementation of underage drinking law enforcement can reduce underage drinking. Any such effects of enhanced enforcement on underage drinking appear to be more directly attributable to an increase in perceived likelihood of enforcement and the resultant perceived inconveniences and/or sanctions to potential drinkers, than to a reduction in access to alcohol per se. 相似文献
84.
Norton BG 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(4):581-592
A post-positivist understanding of ecological science and the call for an “ecological ethic” indicate the need for a radically
new approach to evaluating environmental change. The positivist view of science cannot capture the essence of environmental
sciences because the recent work of “reflexive” ecological modelers shows that this requires a reconceptualization of the
way in which values and ecological models interact in scientific process. Reflexive modelers are ecological modelers who believe
it is appropriate for ecologists to examine the motives for their choices in developing models; this self-reflexive approach
opens the door to a new way of integrating values into public discourse and to a more comprehensive approach to evaluating
ecological change. This reflexive building of ecological models is introduced through the transformative simile of Aldo Leopold,
which shows that learning to “think like a mountain” involves a shift in both ecological modeling and in values and responsibility.
An adequate, interdisciplinary approach to ecological valuation, requires a re-framing of the evaluation questions in entirely
new ways, i.e., a review of the current status of interdisciplinary value theory with respect to ecological values reveals
that neither of the widely accepted theories of environmental value—neither economic utilitarianism nor intrinsic value theory
(environmental ethics)—provides a foundation for an ecologically sensitive evaluation process. Thus, a new, ecologically sensitive,
and more comprehensive approach to evaluating ecological change would include an examination of the metaphors that motivate
the models used to describe environmental change.
相似文献
Bryan G. NortonEmail: |
85.
We present a programmatic line of experimental studies which focus on the how and when of tacit coordination (i.e., the phenomenon that people can successfully coordinate their decisions without communication). We investigated this phenomenon using different types of economic games (i.e., social dilemmas as well as coordination games). Our studies broadly cover three themes: (a) fairness as a coordination rule, (b) uncertainty and common understanding, (c) social information as a cue. By focusing on these themes we have obtained several new insights on the prerequisites and boundary conditions of tacit coordination. We conclude that tacit coordination is often facilitated by mutual adherence to social norms (e.g., fairness rules, rules of deference, etcetera), but that in order to employ such norms people need sufficient environmental and/or social information. 相似文献
86.
87.
To date, no review has focused specifically on the potential modulating role of environmental temperature on the effects of exercise on cognitive function. Despite this, a range of occupations and performance contexts exist (e.g., military personnel, emergency services, sport) where the maintenance of cognitive function in environmentally challenging environments is crucial. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the experimental research investigating how manipulating environmental temperature influenced the effects of acute bouts exercise on cognitive functioning from pre-to-post exercise, or during exercise. Studies to be included were assessed by two authors reviewing title, abstract, and then full-text. From the searches conducted, twenty articles were identified which met the inclusion criteria. For the purpose of this review, exercise involved in each study was categorised into low, moderate, and vigorous dosages (dependent on intensity and duration). The results indicate that moderate dosages of exercise help stimulate improved cognitive performance from pre-to-post exercise in temperate conditions, where cold exposure appears to blunt these effects. In addition, hot environments led to cognitive decrements during and post exercise which were often identified in studies that implemented prolonged moderate or vigorous exercise protocols. Therefore, suggesting a combination of heightened physiological strain from increased dose of exercise, alongside heat exposure, can be detrimental to optimal cognitive functioning, whereby executive functioning tasks appeared to be most affected. The findings from this systematic review highlight the potential modulating role of environmental temperature on the effects of exercise on cognitive function. Thus, highlighting the importance of considering the role of environmental temperature for individuals either exercising to elicit desired cognitive benefits or for those involved in physically demanding occupations or performance domains. 相似文献
88.
The reminiscence bump is the disproportionally high reporting of autobiographical memories from adolescence and early adulthood and is typically observed when memories are evoked by cues, such as words, pictures, and sounds. However, when odors are used the bump shifts to early childhood. Although these findings indicate that sensory modality affects the bump, the influence of the individual’s sensory function on the reminiscence bumps is unknown. We examined the reminiscence bumps of sound- and odor-evoked autobiographical memories of early blind and sighted individuals, since early blindness implies considerable effects on sensory experience. Despite differences in sensory experience between blind and sighted individuals, the groups displayed similar age distributions of both sound- and odor-evoked memories. The auditory bump spanned the first two decades of life, whereas the olfactory bump was once again found in early childhood. These results demonstrate that the reminiscence bumps are robust to fundamental differences in sensory experience. 相似文献
89.
Perspective change within a single environment is a slow and effortful process. However, little research has addressed perspective change across multiple environments. Using a task-set switching paradigm, subjects judged spatial relationships between target locations from differing perspectives. Response times were longer when successive trials probed different perspectives. However, this cost was greater when perspective was changed within a single environment compared to when it was changed across two environments. This result indicates that the processing of perspective change, and perhaps general spatial reasoning, differs in these two cases. Implications for theories of perspective change and environmental knowledge are discussed. 相似文献
90.
In everyday life we accomplish tasks that require the storage and access of mental representations of different environments that we are not currently perceiving. Past research has suggested that environments are encoded by a series of independent representations that are organized in memory. Three experiments tested this idea further by asking whether multiple representations of environments can be accessed simultaneously. Using a cued task-set switching paradigm, subjects judged spatial relationships between target locations in two familiar environments. Response times were longer when successive trials probed different environments, an effect not due to switching between semantic categories or semantic priming, suggesting that representations of environments are accessed sequentially. Implications for various hypotheses concerning the properties of environmental representations are discussed. 相似文献