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171.
科学证据不仅在司法审判中起着极其重要的作用,而且在科研成果的评价中也是不可取代的,但是在审判和科研成果评估中,对“科学是什么”这样一个更深层次的问题-科学哲学问题,历来没有得到应有的重视,通过美国止吐药本涤汀前后历时20年的审判历程,突出科学哲学在医药审判实践中的地位。 相似文献
172.
Beyond impressionistic observations, little is known about the role and influence of scientific societies on research conduct.
Acknowledging that the influence of scientific societies is not easily disentangled from other factors that shape norms and
practices, this article addresses how best to study the promotion of research integrity generally as well as the role and
impact of scientific societies as part of that process. In setting forth the parameters of a research agenda, the article
addresses four issues: (1) how to conceptualize research on scientific societies and research integrity; (2) challenges and
complexities in undertaking basic research; (3) strategies for undertaking basic research that is attentive to individual,
situational, organizational, and environmental levels of analysis; and (4) the need for evaluation research as integral to
programmatic change and to assessment of the impact of activities by scientific societies.
This topic was initially discussed at the AAAS-Office of Research Integrity (ORI) meeting in Washington DC on the theme: “The
Role and Activities of Scientific Societies in Promoting Research Integrity” held on April 10–11, 2000.
Joyce Miller Iutcovich, PhD, is President of the Keystone University Research Corporation. 相似文献
173.
Monbiot G 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(1):49-57
The belief that science is "a driver of growth in the knowledge economy" has led in recent decades to increasing encouragement by government of the involvement of industry and of commerce in the sponsorship and direction of research in universities, and to the increasing influence of industrial representatives on advisory panels associated with the publicly funded scientific research councils. By extending the doctrine of commercial confidentiality into university laboratories, inconvenient findings have been suppressed, and both free endeavour and free speech undermined. This has narrowed our scientific horizons and compromised government advisors. It is argued that scientific freedom is a guarantor of our wider liberties. Science, which tells us who we are and how we can live better, is being distorted so twisting our understanding of the ways in which we might progress, shutting off alternatives to existing models of development. Business now stands as a guard dog at the gates of perception. Only the inquiries which suit its needs are allowed to pass. 相似文献
174.
The nature of scientific societies’ relationships with their members limits their ability to promote research integrity. They
must therefore leverage their strengths as professional organizations to integrate ethical considerations into their ongoing
support of their academic disciplines. This paper suggests five strategies for doing so. 相似文献
175.
Valer Ambrus 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1999,30(1):1-16
Putnam originally developed his causal theory of meaning in order to support scientific realism and reject the notion of incommensurability.
Later he gave up this position and adopted instead what he called ‘internal realism’, but apparently without changing his
mind on topics related to his former philosophy of language. The question must arise whether internal realism, which actually
is a species of antirealism, is compatible with the causal theory of meaning. In giving an answer I begin with an analysis
of the content and metaphysical background of scientific realism. I show that it presupposes metaphysical realism and that
Putnam's philosophical conversion is due to his becoming aware of the latter's incoherence. After giving a brief sketch of
internal realism I conclude by arguing that within this new theoretical framework the causal theory of meaning loses its force
as a weapon against incommensurability.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
176.
Anne Foerst 《Zygon》1998,33(3):455-461
This is a reply to comments on my paper Cog, a Humanoid Robot, and the Questions of the Image of God ; one was written by Mary Gerhart and Allan Melvin Russell, and another one by Helmut Reich. I will start with the suggested analogy of the relationship between God and us and the one between us and the humanoid robot Cog and will show why this analogy is not helpful for the dialogue between theology and artificial intelligence (AI). Such a dialogue can succeed only if both our fascination for humanoids and our fear of them are equally accepted. Any avoidance of these emotions, as well as any rejection of the possibility that Cog might one day be humanlike, destroy the dialogue. The interpretation of both scientific theories and religious metaphors as stories replaces seemingly "rational" arguments with the confession of the respective commitments to a body of stories and opens up a space for exchange and friendship between AI-researchers and theologians—an option that usually remains closed. 相似文献
177.
Diane M. McKnight 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(1):97-113
Formalizing shared ethical standards is an activity of scientific societies designed to achieve a collective goal of promoting
ethical conduct. A scientist who is faced with the choice of becoming a “whistleblower” by exposing misconduct does so in
the context of these ethical standards. Examination of ethics policies of scientific societies which are members of the Council
of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP) shows a breadth of purpose and scope in these policies. Among the CSSP member societies,
some ethics policies chiefly present the ethical culture of the community in an educational context and do not have enforcement
procedures. Other policies are more comprehensive and include standards for certification, procedures for addressing ethical
issues, and established sanctions. Of the 36 member societies of CSSP that have developed a code or adopted a code of another
professional society, 18 specifically identified a responsibility to expose ethical misconduct, demonstrating an acknowledgment
of the possible critical role of the whistleblower in addressing ethical issues. Scientific societies may revise their ethics
codes based upon experience gained in addressing cases of ethical misconduct.
In most cases, the action of a whistleblower is the initial step in addressing an ethics violation; the whistleblower may
either be in the position of an observer or a victim, such as in the case of someone who discovers that his or her own work
has been plagiarized. The ethics committee of a scientific society is one of several possible outlets through which the whistleblower
can voice a complaint or concern. Ethical violations can include falsification, fabrication, plagiarism and other authorship
disputes, conflict of interest and other serious violations. Commonly, some of these violations may involve publication in
the scientific literature. Thus addressing ethical issues may be intertwined with a scientific society’s role in the dissemination
of new scientific results. For a journal published by a scientific society, the editor can refer at some point to the ethics
committee of the society. Whereas, in the case of a journal published by a commercial publisher, the editor may be without
direct support of the associated scientific community in handling the case. The association of a journal with a scientific
society may thus direct a whistleblower towards addressing the issue within the scientific community rather than involving
the press or talking to colleagues who may gossip. A formal procedure for handling ethics cases may also discourage false
accusers. Another advantage of handling complaints through ethics committees is that decisions to contact home institutions
or funding agencies can be made by the ethics committee and are not the responsibility of the whistleblower or the editor
of the journal. The general assessment is that the establishment of ethics policies, especially policies covering publication
in society journals, will promote a culture supportive of whistleblowers and discouraging to false accusers.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t: What the
Scientific Community Can Do About Whistleblowing” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, Seattle, Washington, 15 February, 1997. 相似文献
178.
179.
Charalambous N Cramer O Roberts CL 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1979,31(2):289-298
Greek-English and English-Greek translations of expressions in the experimental analysis of behavior are presented. Included is a short discussion of some of the problems which arose, partly because of the mentalistic nature of Greek science. 相似文献
180.