Emotion Regulation Therapy: An Integrative Approach to Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders

Cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and experiential approaches have historically been characterized by differing definitions of emotions and beliefs concerning their role in psychopathological process and treatment. However, given recent advances in the basic psychological sciences of emotion and emotion regulation, theoretical orientations are converging on similar viewpoints as to the functional role of emotions in conceptualizing and treating of a variety of disorders. One such area where emotions and their regulation may play a significant role is in chronic, complex, and treatment-resistant forms of anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A review of the historical approaches to emotions in the major theoretical orientations is presented. Following this, a model of emotion disruption and dysregulation is presented as it relates to anxiety disorders and GAD, in particular. Finally, a new treatment for GAD, emotion regulation therapy, aimed at ameliorating dysfunctional affective processes, is described.     

A Social-Neuroscience Perspective on Empathy

ABSTRACT— In recent years, abundant evidence from behavioral and cognitive studies and functional-imaging experiments has indicated that individuals come to understand the emotional and affective states expressed by others with the help of the neural architecture that produces such states in themselves. Such a mechanism gives rise to shared representations, which constitutes one important aspect of empathy, although not the sole one. We suggest that other components, including people's ability to monitor and regulate cognitive and emotional processes to prevent confusion between self and other, are equally necessary parts of a functional model of empathy. We discuss data from recent functional-imaging studies in support of such a model and highlight the role of specific brain regions, notably the insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the right temporo-parietal region. Because this model assumes that empathy relies on dissociable information-processing mechanisms, it predicts a variety of structural or functional dysfunctions, depending on which mechanism is disrupted.     

Dialectical Behavior Therapy: An Emotion-Focused Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a cognitive-behavioral treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) that is based on the theory that emotion dysregulation is the core feature of BPD. This article focuses on aspects of DBT theory and techniques that specifically address emotion. The dialectical and biosocial theories that underlie DBT are reviewed with an emphasis on how each relates to emotional experiencing in BPD. Selected treatment strategies that address emotion dysregulation and their hypothesized mechanisms of change are also described. Relevant research findings are incorporated throughout to provide an empirical foundation for the DBT theories and strategies that are discussed.     

Wayfinding with my iPhone: An autoethnographic account of technological companionship and its affects

Location-aware technologies such as GPS devices and smartphones are integral to everyday, mundane navigational practices or ‘wayfinding’. The personalisation, portability and popularity of these devices means that wayfinding can be accomplished with near-instant access to place-based information. But how do people connect to these devices in more intimate, emotional, and haptic ways? To address this question, this paper draws on autoethnographic fieldwork involving wayfinding devices, using a series of iPhone navigation apps. The paper presents a series of short narratives taken from my field diaries exploring the ways in which I perceived and performed my iPhone device as a companion during my everyday mobilities. The paper focuses on three mechanisms that facilitated relations of companionship: product design, sensory engagement and emotional/affective encounters. Building on these insights, the paper argues that relations of companionship with technological devices come into focus in particular moments when the life cycles of the users and their devices collide. The various emotions and affects, which circulate in these moments, are critical to how we make sense of space, place, and our mobilities, as well as ongoing engagements with human/technology relations.     

The lived experience of inequality and migration: Emotions and meaning making among Latvian emigrants

Based on interviews with Latvian emigrants collected between 2008-2014 in England, Ireland and the USA, this paper asks: How do migrants’ perceptions of inequality in their sending and receiving states, and their associated emotional responses, influence their migration experiences and decisions? This paper finds that inequality is significant, not only in a strictly economic sense, but also in terms of the socio-emotional and cultural dimensions that accompany it. Through an examination of migrants' meaning making, I identify four scenarios of what I call the inequality-emotion tie: resentment and anger towards the ruling elite as unjust; exploitation and feelings of humiliation at work; inability to consume and associated feelings of deprivation and inferiority; and perceived inferiority in daily interactions. Through these four scenarios, I find that the inequality that exists in a migrant's home society creates resentment and anger towards ruling elites and employers, as well as creating perceptions and feelings about the self as inferior. Conversely, the inequality that exists in receiving states, where inequality levels are actually comparable, does not have the same effect. In these countries, migrants described positive experiences with associated feelings of recognition, making a return to the home country less appealing.     

Sex differences and parallels in the development of externalizing behaviours in childhood: Boys’ and girls’ susceptibility to social preference among peers

This study examined whether being poorly preferred by peers may partially explain why boys with oppositional behaviour develop more conduct problems than girls. Children from the general Dutch population attending regular elementary schools (N = 759, 50.3% boys) were followed annually from age 7 to 10 years. Teachers-rated externalizing behaviour and peer-nominated social preference was assessed across four waves. Autoregressive cross-lagged models indicated that oppositionality predicted increases in conduct problems. Above and beyond this direct link, oppositionality predicted low social preference in subsequent years, which in turn predicted an increase in conduct problems. In this latter pathway, sex differences were found. That is, oppositional boys were as likely as oppositional girls to show an increase in low social preference one year later. However, boys who had low social preference scores showed stronger increases in conduct problems one year later, compared to girls who had low social preference scores. Hence, developmental models of externalizing behaviour should consider the possible sex-differential impact of troublesome peer-relationships to understand the development of milder to more severe externalizing behaviours.     

注意分散对类比推理内隐加工的影响

通过两个实验分别考察在类比推理的检索阶段和评价阶段的注意分散对类比推理内隐加工的影响。实验一以83名大学生为被试,采用喜好判断范式探讨检索阶段注意分散对类比推理过程中直觉加工效应和逻辑加工效应的不同影响。实验二以80名大学生为被试,探讨评价阶段注意分散对类比推理过程中直觉加工效应和逻辑加工效应的不同影响。结果显示:检索阶段的注意分散对类比推理的内隐加工的影响不显著,评价阶段的注意分散对类比推理的内隐加工和外显加工均有显著影响。     

The loss‐bet paradox: Actuaries,accountants, and other numerate people rate numerically inferior gambles as superior

Psychologists have convincingly demonstrated that preferences are not always stable and, instead, are often “constructed” based on information available in the judgment or decision context. In 4 studies with experts (accountants and actuaries in Studies 1 and 2, respectively) and a diverse lay population (Studies 3 and 4), the evidence was consistent with the highly numerate being more likely than the less numerate to construct their preferences by rating a numerically inferior bet as superior (i.e., the bets effect). Thus, the effect generalizes beyond a college student sample, and preference construction differs by numeracy. Contrary to prior thinking about preference construction, however, high expertise and high ability (rather than low) consistently related to the paradoxical phenomenon. Results across studies including Study 3's experimental modifications of the task supported the hypothesized number comparison process (and not a lack of expertise with monetary outcomes and probabilities or numeracy‐related differences in attention to numbers) as the effect's underlying cause. The bets effect was not attenuated by Study 4's instructions to think about what would be purchased with bet winnings. Task results combined with free‐response coding supported the notion that highly numerate participants have a systematic and persistent inclination for doing simple and complex number operations that drive their judgments (even after controlling for nonnumeric intelligence). Implications for 3 types of dual‐process theories are discussed. The results were inconsistent with default‐interventionist theories, consistent or unclear with respect to fuzzy trace theory, and consistent with interactive theories.     

Affect Labeling to Facilitate Inhibitory Learning: Clinical Considerations

Exposure-based treatments known to be effective for a wide range of psychopathology are thought to work via inhibitory learning, where new learning acquired during exposure exercises inhibits previously learned fear and avoidance responses. One way in which this inhibitory learning may be enhanced is through affect labeling, during which clients verbalize their internal emotional experiences. Theoretically, affect labeling may be a subtle, implicit form of emotion regulation and may facilitate more explicit forms of extinction learning. Experimental research suggests that affect labeling may lead to attenuated fear responses to emotionally evocative stimuli in healthy samples and may be a helpful strategy in reducing physiological arousal experienced during exposure tasks, particularly for clients with inhibitory deficits. Research with clinical samples is limited and mixed, at best. Case examples illustrate how affective labeling may help get a client “unstuck” from unproductive processing loops, can contribute to shifts in perspective and meaning making, and may modulate distress and promote distress tolerance. We argue that routine use of affect labeling in clinical care is premature. When used, it should be employed strategically within a broader case conceptualization and may be of a limited benefit beyond what is already employed in quality exposure therapy.     

Establishment and replication of emotion regulation profiles: implications for psychological health

Background and Objectives: A promising method of capturing the complex nature of emotion regulation is to assess composite profiles of regulation (i.e., default pattern of regulation across multiple strategies). However, it remains unclear whether regulatory profiles demonstrate consistency across samples and in relation to mental health. Design: Two studies are presented here. Both utilized a cross-sectional design, and the second study presents a replication of the first. Method: Both studies utilized self-report data from independent undergraduate samples to perform latent profile analyses of emotion regulation use. Results: Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated evidence for four replicable regulatory profiles: Adaptive, Accepting (with or without Suppression), Non-accepting, and Maladaptive. Profiles were also related to symptoms of depression and anxiety, such that those consistently relying on adaptive strategies reported lower symptoms than those relying more heavily on maladaptive strategies. Conclusions: These findings clarify previous work which tied regulatory profiles to psychological health by extending a person-centered approach to understanding the ways in which individuals regulate their emotions.